{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:01:38Z","timestamp":1791928898170,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.12.10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T14:30:45Z","timestamp":1756909845000},"page":"10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Prevalence of Myopia in Finnish Conscripts Has not Increased in Recent Decades and Is Lower Than in Many East and Southeast Asian Countries"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Olavi","family":"P\u00e4rssinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gerontology Research Centre and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marja-Liisa","family":"Franssila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral program in clinical research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Nordhausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Mattinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Command Finland, Finnish Defense Force, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roope","family":"Sovelius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aeromedical Centre, Finnish Defense Force, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markku","family":"Kauppinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gerontology Research Centre and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jukka","family":"Moilanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niko","family":"Set\u00e4l\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Wellbeing Services County of Central Finland, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49","article-title":"The complications of myopia: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Haarman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"9827","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60272-4","article-title":"Myopia","volume":"379","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e339","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70113-X","article-title":"Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990\u20132010: a systematic analysis","volume":"1","author":"Bourne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.08.010","article-title":"Epidemiology and disease burden of pathologic myopia and myopic choroidal neovascularization: an evidence-based systematic review","volume":"157","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5579","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10106","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia and its association with body stature and educational level in 19-year-old male conscripts in Seoul, South Korea","volume":"53","author":"Jung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10480","article-title":"What factors are associated with myopia in young adults? A survey study in Taiwan military conscripts","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4691","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24363","article-title":"Refractive errors in university students in Central China: the Anyang University Students Eye Study","volume":"59","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1395-3907.2003.0151.x","article-title":"Myopia and natural lighting extremes: association factors in Finnish army conscripts","volume":"81","author":"Vannas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0127-7","article-title":"Genome-wide association meta-analysis highlights light-induced signaling as a driver for refractive error","volume":"50","author":"Tedja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib13","first-page":"834","article-title":"The increased prevalence of myopia in Finland","volume":"90","author":"P\u00e4rssinen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2016-104172","article-title":"Occupational lifting and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: a follow-up study of Swedish conscripts","volume":"74","author":"Farioli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14147","article-title":"The impact of vision screening in preschool children on visual function in the Swedish adult population","volume":"97","author":"Thorisdottir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.16688","article-title":"Time spent outdoors in childhood related to myopia among young adults in the Swedish ABIS cohort","volume":"103","author":"Bro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2006.00789.x","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia in Danish conscripts","volume":"85","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31790-y","article-title":"Prevalence and possible factors of myopia in Norwegian adolescents","volume":"8","author":"Hagen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.07.017","article-title":"Evolution of the prevalence of myopia among Taiwanese schoolchildren: a review of survey data from 1983 through 2017","volume":"128","author":"Tsai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-1316-6","article-title":"Factors associated with myopia in Korean children: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016\u20132017 (KNHANES VII)","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib21","author":"Finnish National Agency for Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.6.2","article-title":"IMI\u2013onset and progression of myopia in young adults","volume":"64","author":"Bullimore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000002045","article-title":"Myopia progression in adults: a retrospective analysis","volume":"100","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.03.018","article-title":"Increasing prevalence of myopia in Europe and the impact of education","volume":"122","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1992.tb08571.x","article-title":"Myopia among medical students in Norway","volume":"70","author":"Midelfart","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib26","first-page":"e430","article-title":"Associations of near work time, watching TV, outdoors time, and parents\u2019 myopia with myopia among school children based on 38-year-old historical data","volume":"100","author":"P\u00e4rssinen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2460026","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.60026","article-title":"Digital screen time and myopia: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Ha","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e806","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00135-7","article-title":"Association between digital smart device use and myopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Foreman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.11591\/ijere.v12i2.24667","article-title":"Mapping global research on shadow education: trends and future agenda","volume":"12","author":"Nuryana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Eval Res Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13964","article-title":"Risk factors for high myopia: a 22-year follow-up study from childhood to adulthood","volume":"97","author":"P\u00e4rssinen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7430576","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7430576","article-title":"Relationship between myopia progression and school entrance age: a 2.5-year longitudinal study","volume":"2021","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20894","article-title":"Time outdoors at specific ages during early childhood and the association of incident myopia","volume":"58","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.4.527","article-title":"Myopia, lifestyle, and schooling in students of Chinese ethnicity in Singapore and Sydney","volume":"126","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14545","article-title":"Comparison of myopic progression in Finnish and Singaporean children","volume":"99","author":"P\u00e4rssinen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib35","first-page":"2794","article-title":"Myopia and myopic progression among schoolchildren: a three-year follow-up study","volume":"34","author":"P\u00e4rssinen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12387","article-title":"The progression of myopia from its onset at age 8\u201312 to adulthood and the influence of heredity and external factors on myopic progression: a 23-year follow-up study","volume":"92","author":"P\u00e4rssinen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182198792","article-title":"Font size and viewing distance of handheld smart phones","volume":"88","author":"Bababekova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.01.054","article-title":"Increased time outdoors is followed by reversal of the long-term trend to reduced visual acuity in Taiwan primary school students","volume":"127","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10803","article-title":"Effect of time spent outdoors at school on the development of myopia among children in China: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"314","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib3","volume-title":"The Impact of Myopia and High Myopia: Report of the Joint World Health Organization\u2013Brien Holden Vision Institute Global Scientific Meeting on Myopia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 16\u201318 March 2015","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"bib12","author":"Puolustusvoimat. Terveystarkastusohje, TT0 2012"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2810774","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:57Z","timestamp":1791927117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2810774"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.66.12.10","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]}}}