{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:01:53Z","timestamp":1791928913009,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.12.37","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T12:30:35Z","timestamp":1758112235000},"page":"37","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Reshaping the Burden of nAMD: National, Regional, and Global Prevalence of MNV3 and Its Correlation With Life Expectancy\u2014The RAP Study, Report 7"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Bilal","family":"Haj Najeeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca S.","family":"Gerendas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Sacu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Leingang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabor","family":"Deak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Schmidt-Erfurth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.07.006","article-title":"The incidence of neovascular subtypes in newly diagnosed neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"158","author":"Jung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100280","article-title":"Histology of type 3 macular neovascularization and microvascular anomalies in treated age-related macular degeneration: a case study","volume":"3","author":"Berlin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03034-z","article-title":"The potential key role of choroidal non-perfusion and rod degeneration in the pathogenesis of macular neovascularization type 3","volume":"38","author":"Haj Najeeb","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"aos.14866","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14866","article-title":"The RAP study, report 3: discoloration of the macular region in patients with macular neovascularization type 3","volume":"100","author":"Haj Najeeb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.02.018","article-title":"An automated comparative analysis of the exudative biomarkers in neovascular age-related macular degeneration, the RAP Study: Report 6","volume":"264","author":"Haj Najeeb","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200312000-00001","article-title":"Focal Inner Retinal Hemorrhages in Patients with Drusen","volume":"23","author":"GASS","year":"2003","journal-title":"RETINA"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002774","article-title":"The rap study, report two","volume":"40","author":"Haj Najeeb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003330","article-title":"The rap study, report 5: rediscovering macular neovascularization type 3","volume":"42","author":"Haj Najeeb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200509000-00005","article-title":"Nature and risk of neovascularization in the fellow eye of patients with unilateral retinal angiomatous proliferation","volume":"25","author":"Gross","year":"2005","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-315311","article-title":"RAP study, report 1: novel subtype of macular neovascularisation type III, cilioretinal MNV3","volume":"105","author":"Haj Najeeb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05332-8","article-title":"The RAP study, report 4: morphological and topographical characteristics of multifocal macular neovascularization type 3","volume":"260","author":"Haj Najeeb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000486","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness changes after intravitreal ranibizumab and photodynamic therapy for retinal angiomatous proliferation","volume":"35","author":"Maruko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0261320","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261320","article-title":"Long-term characteristics of exudative age-related macular degeneration in Japanese patients. Kang SW, ed","volume":"16","author":"Saito","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200110000-00003","article-title":"Retinal angiomatous proliferation in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"21","author":"Yannuzzi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05586-w","article-title":"Macular neovascularization lesion type and vision outcomes in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: post hoc analysis of HARBOR","volume":"260","author":"Freund","year":"2022","journal-title":"Graefes Arc Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.10.034","article-title":"Outcomes in eyes with retinal angiomatous proliferation in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials (CATT)","volume":"123","author":"Daniel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2023.06.002","article-title":"Anti-VEGF treatment strategies for 3 subtypes of neovascular age-related macular degeneration in a clinical setting: a multicenter cohort study in Japan","volume":"7","author":"Yoneda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001268","article-title":"An updated staging system of type 3 neovascularization using spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"36","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.11.004","article-title":"Consensus nomenclature for reporting neovascular age-related macular degeneration data","volume":"127","author":"Spaide","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2010.134","article-title":"Angiographic and OCT features of retinal angiomatous proliferation","volume":"24","author":"Rouvas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.1.75","article-title":"The East-West life expectancy gap: differences in mortality from conditions amenable to medical intervention","volume":"26","author":"Velkova","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.04.030","article-title":"Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and progression to late age-related macular degeneration in the Age-Related Eye Disease Studies 1 and 2","volume":"127","author":"Keenan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.014","article-title":"Twelve-month efficacy and safety of 0.5 mg or 2.0 mg Ranibizumab in patients with subfoveal neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"120","author":"Busbee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.07.006","article-title":"The incidence of neovascular subtypes in newly diagnosed neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"158","author":"Jung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oftal.2018.02.003","article-title":"Incidencia y resultados cl\u00ednicos de las distintas formas neovasculares de degeneraci\u00f3n macular asociada a la edad en Valencia (Espa\u00f1a)","volume":"93","author":"Monje-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-018-04228-4","article-title":"Age-related differences in the prevalence of subtypes of Neovascular age-related macular degeneration in the first diagnosed eye","volume":"257","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-023-00981-0","article-title":"Subtype prevalence and baseline visual acuity by age in Japanese patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"67","author":"Sawada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-02249-2","article-title":"Do patients with unilateral macular neovascularization type 3 need AREDS supplements to slow the progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration?","volume":"37","author":"Haj Najeeb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.0824","article-title":"Association of 2-year progression along the AREDS AMD scale and development of late age-related macular degeneration or loss of visual acuity","volume":"138","author":"Vitale","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11400","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38173-y","article-title":"Real-world study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravitreal brolucizumab for refractory neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"13","author":"Yeom","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12748","article-title":"Fellow-eye neovascularization in unilateral retinal angiomatous proliferation in a Korean population","volume":"94","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.03.047","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of exudative age-related macular degeneration in Japanese patients","volume":"144","author":"Maruko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001872","article-title":"Prevalence of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in white patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration","volume":"38","author":"Lorentzen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.05.004","article-title":"Comparison of exudative age-related macular degeneration subtypes in Japanese and French Patients: multicenter diagnosis with multimodal imaging","volume":"158","author":"Coscas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2009.311","article-title":"Retinal angiomatous proliferation or retinal anastomosis to the lesion","volume":"24","author":"Scott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-301109","article-title":"The estimated prevalence and incidence of late stage age related macular degeneration in the UK","volume":"96","author":"Owen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.318","article-title":"Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the US population","volume":"129","author":"Klein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181a395cb","article-title":"Retinal angiomatous proliferation","volume":"29","author":"Viola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-02154-8","article-title":"Personalized treatment supported by automated quantitative fluid analysis in active neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD)\u2014a phase III, prospective, multicentre, randomized study: design and methods","volume":"37","author":"Coulibaly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2017.12.010","article-title":"Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and its association with age-related macular degeneration. The Coimbra Eye Study\u2013Report 4","volume":"51-52","author":"Nunes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-10-31","article-title":"Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Chakravarthy","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00580-7","article-title":"Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"108","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181fe54c7","article-title":"Geographic atrophy in retinal angiomatous proliferation","volume":"31","author":"McBain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001383","article-title":"Recurrence in patients with type 3 neovascularization (retinal angiomatous proliferation) after intravitreal ranibizumab","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib18","first-page":"391","article-title":"Incidence and multimodal imaging characteristics of macular neovascularisation subtypes in Chinese related macular degeneration patients","volume-title":"Br J Ophthalmol","author":"Zhang","year":"2024"},{"key":"bib22","article-title":"Life expectancy at birth (years) 2017","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means","author":"Lenth","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.emmeans"},{"key":"bib34","first-page":"391","article-title":"Incidence and multimodal imaging characteristics of macular neovascularisation subtypes in Chinese related macular degeneration patients","volume-title":"Br J Ophthalmol","author":"Zhang","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2810839","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:04Z","timestamp":1791927124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2810839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.66.12.37","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]}}}