{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:00:55Z","timestamp":1791928855430,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.13.16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T13:30:44Z","timestamp":1759930244000},"page":"16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Impaired Vagal Tone Function-Based Regulation of Systemic Inflammation in Patients With Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Molbech","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Louise Munch","family":"B\u00f8egh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Krogh","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousif","family":"Subhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Liisborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Roubeix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Sennlaub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesper","family":"Mehlsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Surgical Pathophysiology, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torben L.","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"10153","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31550-2","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"392","author":"Mitchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94313","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094313","article-title":"VEGF-production by CCR2-dependent macrophages contributes to laser-induced choroidal neovascularization","volume":"9","author":"Krause","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91227","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091227","article-title":"Foveal morphology affects self-perceived visual function and treatment response in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Subhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2008.10.001","article-title":"Molecular pathology of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"28","author":"Ding","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.06.001","article-title":"Para-inflammation in the aging retina","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02605-9","article-title":"The role of the adaptive immune system and T cell dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"19","author":"DeMaio","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5242","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22479","article-title":"CD11b and CD200 on circulating monocytes differentiate two angiographic subtypes of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"58","author":"Subhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13330","article-title":"New neovascular age-related macular degeneration is associated with systemic leucocyte activity","volume":"95","author":"Subhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib10","first-page":"1013","article-title":"Monocyte activation in patients with age-related macular degeneration: a biomarker of risk for choroidal neovascularization?","volume":"122","author":"Cousins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol Chic Ill 1960"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13152","article-title":"Altered proportion of CCR2+ and CX3CR1+ circulating monocytes in neovascular age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"46","author":"Subhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.7671","article-title":"Markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction and the 20-year cumulative incidence of early age-related macular degeneration: the Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"132","author":"Klein","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib13","first-page":"3389","article-title":"Essential neuroscience in immunology","volume":"198","author":"Chavan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md 1950"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-023-00947-7","article-title":"Autonomic nervous system imbalance during aging contributes to impair endogenous anti-inflammaging strategies","volume":"46","author":"Giunta","year":"2024","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2012.00027","article-title":"Neural signaling in the spleen controls B-cell responses to blood-borne antigen","volume":"18","author":"Mina-Osorio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Med Camb Mass"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v11i2.35","article-title":"Electroacupuncturing at Zusanli point (ST36) attenuates pro-inflammatory cytokine release and organ dysfunction by activating cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in rat with endotoxin challenge","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med AJTCAM"},{"issue":"31","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11008","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803237105","article-title":"Splenic nerve is required for cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway control of TNF in endotoxemia","volume":"105","author":"Rosas-Ballina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1229","article-title":"Stimulation of the vagus nerve attenuates macrophage activation by activating the Jak2-STAT3 signaling pathway","volume":"6","author":"de Jonge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"6052","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209985","article-title":"Acetylcholine-synthesizing T cells relay neural signals in a vagus nerve circuit","volume":"334","author":"Rosas-Ballina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6921","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01339","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation","volume":"421","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G202","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00097.2015","article-title":"Neuroenteric axis modulates the balance of regulatory T cells and T-helper 17 cells in the mesenteric lymph node following trauma\/hemorrhagic shock","volume":"309","author":"Morishita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib22","first-page":"17","article-title":"The role of regulatory T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines in psoriasis","volume":"27","author":"Owczarczyk-Saczonek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7100371","article-title":"The vagus nerve can predict and possibly modulate non-communicable chronic diseases: introducing a neuroimmunological paradigm to public health","volume":"7","author":"Gidron","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-022-00616-1","article-title":"The role of age-associated autonomic dysfunction in inflammation and endothelial dysfunction","volume":"44","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"issue":"29","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8284","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605635113","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits cytokine production and attenuates disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"113","author":"Koopman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12649","article-title":"Vagus nerve and vagus nerve stimulation, a comprehensive review: part III","volume":"56","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13911","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13911","article-title":"A 12-month pilot study outcomes of vagus nerve stimulation in Crohn's disease","volume":"32","author":"Sinniger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9933532","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9933532","article-title":"Vagal nerve stimulation-modulation of the anti-inflammatory response and clinical outcome in psoriatic arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"2021","author":"Brock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3474","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1246","article-title":"Sympathetic-parasympathetic activity and reactivity in central serous chorioretinopathy: a case-control study","volume":"47","author":"Tewari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib30","first-page":"15","article-title":"In patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration, physical activity may influence C-reactive protein levels","volume":"8","author":"Subhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol Auckl NZ"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.11.001","article-title":"Evaluation of the clinical age-related maculopathy staging system","volume":"113","author":"Seddon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868","article-title":"Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology","volume":"17","author":"Heart rate variability","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.15420\/aer.2018.30.2","article-title":"Heart rate variability: an old metric with new meaning in the era of using mhealth technologies for health and exercise training guidance. Part two: prognosis and training","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arrhythmia Electrophysiol Rev"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258","article-title":"An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms","volume":"5","author":"Shaffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Public Heal"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S405529","article-title":"Heart-rate variability correlates to choroidal thickness in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"17","author":"Nordsten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol Auckl NZ"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2024.10.004","article-title":"Choroidal biomarkers in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"70","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib37","first-page":"3389","article-title":"Essential neuroscience in immunology","volume":"198","author":"Chavan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md 1950"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.06.002","article-title":"On phagocytes and macular degeneration","volume":"61","author":"Guillonneau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-3988(10)60072-4","article-title":"An association between immunosenescence and CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci BES"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S82116","article-title":"The association between neovascular age-related macular degeneration and regulatory T cells in peripheral blood","volume":"9","author":"Madelung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol Auckl NZ"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib41","first-page":"1166","article-title":"The effect of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"14","author":"Venborg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm Basel Switz"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2810935","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:58Z","timestamp":1791927118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2810935"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.66.13.16","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]}}}