{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:01:47Z","timestamp":1791928907388,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.14.31","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T13:30:45Z","timestamp":1763127045000},"page":"31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Engineered Tandem Thymosin Peptide Promotes Corneal Wound Healing"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudhir","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian T.","family":"Vuong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hope","family":"Queener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivien Jane","family":"Coulson-Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarsis Ferreira","family":"Gesteira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","first-page":"1069","article-title":"A partial-thickness epithelial defect increases the adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the cornea","volume":"30","author":"Klotz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4391","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0770","article-title":"The ocular surface: the challenge to enable and protect vision: the Friedenwald lecture","volume":"48","author":"Gipson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2478\/abm-2021-0026","article-title":"Wound healing of the corneal epithelium: a review","volume":"15","author":"Ghafar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Biomed (Res Rev News)"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-1026-6","article-title":"Chemical eye injury: pathophysiology, assessment and management","volume":"34","author":"Dua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.10.006","article-title":"Corneal stromal wound healing: major regulators and therapeutic targets","volume":"19","author":"Kamil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108089","article-title":"Corneal wound healing","volume":"197","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.06.007","article-title":"The impact of hyperglycemia on the corneal epithelium: molecular mechanisms and insight","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.01.006","article-title":"Wound healing in the eye: therapeutic prospects","volume":"126","author":"Ziaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867324666170609080920","article-title":"Therapeutic proteins for treatment of corneal epithelial defects","volume":"26","author":"Zernii","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"bib10","first-page":"201","article-title":"Thymosin beta 4: a novel corneal wound healing and anti-inflammatory agent","volume":"1","author":"Gabriel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol (Auckland, NZ)"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2012.634793","article-title":"Thymosin beta4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications","volume":"12","author":"Goldstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.20371","article-title":"The beta-thymosins: intracellular and extracellular activities of a versatile actin binding protein family","volume":"66","author":"Mannherz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Motil Cytoskeleton"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05492.x","article-title":"Thymosin beta4: structure, function, and biological properties supporting current and future clinical applications","volume":"1194","author":"Crockford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0b013e318199f326","article-title":"Thymosin beta4 induces endothelial progenitor cell migration via PI3K\/Akt\/eNOS signal transduction pathway","volume":"53","author":"Qiu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0826","article-title":"Internalization is essential for the antiapoptotic effects of exogenous thymosin beta-4 on human corneal epithelial cells","volume":"48","author":"Ho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2006.12.004","article-title":"Thymosin beta 4 suppression of corneal NFkappaB: a potential anti-inflammatory pathway","volume":"84","author":"Sosne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000379","article-title":"Thymosin beta4 significantly improves signs and symptoms of severe dry eye in a phase 2 randomized trial","volume":"34","author":"Sosne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"bib18","first-page":"1075","article-title":"A novel dimeric thymosin beta 4 with enhanced activities accelerates the rate of wound healing","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S95","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2018.1489268","article-title":"Highly effective biosynthesis of N-acetylated human thymosin beta4 (Tbeta4) in Escherichia coli","volume":"46","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.03.052","article-title":"A dimeric thymosin beta 4 with novel bio-activity protects post-ischemic cardiac function by accelerating vascular endothelial cell proliferation","volume":"261","author":"Hao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","article-title":"Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold","volume":"596","author":"Jumper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-022-01488-1","article-title":"ColabFold: making protein folding accessible to all","volume":"19","author":"Mirdita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13091385","article-title":"ROS-mediated fragmentation alters the effects of hyaluronan on corneal epithelial wound healing","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.12.4.13","article-title":"Characterization of the molecular weight of hyaluronan in eye products using a novel method of size exclusion high-pressure liquid chromatography","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2010.08.005","article-title":"Fibroblast and prostate tumor cell cross-talk: fibroblast differentiation, TGF-beta, and extracellular matrix down-regulation","volume":"316","author":"Coulson-Thomas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2023.12.007","article-title":"Endogenous TSG-6 modulates corneal inflammation following chemical injury","volume":"32","author":"Verma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.13.6","article-title":"Hyaluronan modulates the biomechanical properties of the cornea","volume":"63","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000412","article-title":"Improving bioscience research reporting: the ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research","volume":"8","author":"Kilkenny","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4596","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1412271111","article-title":"Structural basis of thymosin-beta4\/profilin exchange leading to actin filament polymerization","volume":"111","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4029","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(20)64278-8","article-title":"Thymosin beta 4 and Fx, an actin-sequestering peptide, are indistinguishable","volume":"266","author":"Safer","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1415.037","article-title":"Structure, function, and evolution of the beta-thymosin\/WH2 (WASP-Homology2) actin-binding module","volume":"1112","author":"Carlier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.01.024","article-title":"Reduced intraepithelial corneal nerve density and sensitivity accompany desiccating stress and aging in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"169","author":"Stepp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5708","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115708","article-title":"Extracellular matrix deposition and remodeling after corneal alkali burn in mice","volume":"22","author":"Mutoji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00731","article-title":"Distribution and function of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in the development, homeostasis and pathology of the ocular surface","volume":"8","author":"Puri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22326","article-title":"Hyaluronan rich microenvironment in the limbal stem cell niche regulates limbal stem cell differentiation","volume":"58","author":"Gesteira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25920","article-title":"Hyaluronan derived from the limbus is a key regulator of corneal lymphangiogenesis","volume":"60","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a041235","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a041235","article-title":"Wound healing from an actin cytoskeletal perspective","volume":"14","author":"Ahangar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2009.03.009","article-title":"Spatial coordination of actin polymerization and ILK-Akt2 activity during endothelial cell migration","volume":"16","author":"Fan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1415.021","article-title":"The beta-thymosin enigma","volume":"1112","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2001.1125","article-title":"Thymosin beta 4 promotes corneal wound healing and decreases inflammation in vivo following alkali injury","volume":"74","author":"Sosne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767785","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.767785","article-title":"Progress on the function and application of thymosin beta4","volume":"12","author":"Xing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03000","article-title":"Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair","volume":"432","author":"Bock-Marquette","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2003.11.005","article-title":"Thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair follicle development","volume":"125","author":"Philp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"bib47","first-page":"6","article-title":"Comprehensive review of the safety and efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 in human clinical trials","volume":"30","author":"Dinetz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Altern Ther Health Med"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.10.27","article-title":"Epithelial cell migration and proliferation patterns during initial wound closure in normal mice and an experimental model of limbal stem cell deficiency","volume":"61","author":"Puri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25687","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M700773200","article-title":"Involvement of hyaluronan in regulation of fibroblast phenotype","volume":"282","author":"Meran","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.53","article-title":"Treatment of chronic nonhealing neurotrophic corneal epithelial defects with thymosin beta 4","volume":"128","author":"Dunn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05472.x","article-title":"Thymosin beta4 and corneal wound healing: visions of the future","volume":"1194","author":"Sosne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2005.07.004","article-title":"Thymosin beta4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissues","volume":"11","author":"Goldstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010554","article-title":"0.1% RGN-259 (Thymosin ss4) ophthalmic solution promotes healing and improves comfort in neurotrophic keratopathy patients in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked phase III clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Sosne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47691-9_8","article-title":"Ocular delivery of proteins and peptides","volume-title":"Ocular Drug Delivery: Advances, Challenges and Applications","author":"Bennett","year":"2016"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Protein complex prediction with AlphaFold-Multimer","author":"Evans","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.10.04.463034"},{"key":"bib25","article-title":"The PyMOL Molecular Graphics System, Version 1.8","author":"Schr\u00f6dinger"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2811094","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:02Z","timestamp":1791927122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2811094"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.66.14.31","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]}}}