{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:02:29Z","timestamp":1791928949269,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.2.66","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T11:31:17Z","timestamp":1740569477000},"page":"66","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Retinal Responses to Short- and Longer-Term Predominant ON or OFF Stimulation in Emmetropes and Myopes"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Sandra","family":"Wagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) \u2013 AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemarie","family":"Settele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"Strasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Eye Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Mi","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25983","article-title":"Myopia \u2013 A 21st century public health issue","volume":"60","author":"Resnikoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M89","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25965","article-title":"IMI - Myopia Genetics Report","volume":"60","author":"Tedja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010478","article-title":"Education interacts with genetic variants near GJD2, RBFOX1, LAMA2, KCNQ5 and LRRC4C to confer susceptibility to myopia","volume":"18","author":"Clark","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0211196","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211196","article-title":"Myopia is associated with education: results from NHANES 1999-2008","volume":"14","author":"Nickels","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"16","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.02.006","article-title":"Characteristics of accommodative behavior during sustained reading in emmetropes and myopes","volume":"46","author":"Harb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4353","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2008","article-title":"Ciliary body thickness and refractive error in children","volume":"49","author":"Bailey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12039","article-title":"Ocular biometric correlates of ciliary muscle thickness in human myopia","volume":"33","author":"Buckhurst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2019.08.002","article-title":"Emmetropes and myopes differ little in their accommodation dynamics but strongly in their ciliary muscle morphology","volume":"163","author":"Wagner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.11.42","article-title":"The spatial frequency content of urban and indoor environments as a potential risk factor for myopia development","volume":"61","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12698","article-title":"The diversified defocus profile of the near-work environment and myopia development","volume":"40","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13148","article-title":"Associations of reading posture, gaze angle and reading distance with myopia and myopic progression","volume":"94","author":"P\u00e4rssinen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200307010-00009","article-title":"Inhibition of retinal ON\/OFF systems differentially affects refractive compensation to defocus","volume":"14","author":"Crewther","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0643","article-title":"High susceptibility to experimental myopia in a mouse model with a retinal on pathway defect","volume":"49","author":"Pardue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28904-x","article-title":"Reading and myopia: contrast polarity matters","volume":"8","author":"Aleman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00233-C","article-title":"Choroidal and scleral mechanisms of compensation for spectacle lenses in chicks","volume":"35","author":"Wildsoet","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib19","first-page":"1259","article-title":"Vision-dependent changes in the choroidal thickness of macaque monkeys","volume":"41","author":"Hung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2 Suppl.","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1996.tb00996.x","article-title":"Complexity of dopaminergic function in the retinal dark-light switch","volume":"24","author":"Morgan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.02.007","article-title":"An updated view on the role of dopamine in myopia","volume":"114","author":"Feldkaemper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20402","article-title":"Bright light suppresses form-deprivation myopia development with activation of dopamine d1 receptor signaling in the ON pathway in retina","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110906","article-title":"Intermittent episodes of bright light suppress myopia in the chicken more than continuous bright light","volume":"9","author":"Lan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12207","article-title":"Elevated light levels in schools have a protective effect on myopia","volume":"35","author":"Hua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4804","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24415","article-title":"Dim light exposure and myopia in children","volume":"59","author":"Landis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.5.6","article-title":"IMI prevention of myopia and its progression","volume":"62","author":"Jonas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2010.180323","article-title":"Axial elongation following prolonged near work in myopes and emmetropes","volume":"95","author":"Woodman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6414","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17102","article-title":"Regional changes in choroidal thickness associated with accommodation","volume":"56","author":"Woodman-Pieterse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.13.5","article-title":"Retinal OFF-pathway overstimulation leads to greater accommodation-induced choroidal thinning","volume":"62","author":"Hoseini-Yazdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.23.4.3","article-title":"Differences in visual stimulation between reading and walking and implications for myopia development","volume":"23","author":"Poudel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38192-9","article-title":"Impact of text contrast polarity on the retinal activity in myopes and emmetropes using modified pattern ERG","volume":"13","author":"Wagner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib32","article-title":"Potential roles of ON and OFF channels in spatial- and contrast vision, and perhaps myopia","author":"Franssila","journal-title":"Abstract International Myopia Conference Wenzhou, China, 2015"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26471","article-title":"Probing the potency of artificial dynamic ON or OFF stimuli to inhibit myopia development","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"November 2023","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2024.108485","article-title":"Two different visual stimuli that cause axial eye shortening have no additive effect","volume":"224","author":"Ingrassia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib35","first-page":"988","article-title":"Improved electrode for electroretinography","volume":"18","author":"Dawson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-01193-y","article-title":"PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy","volume":"51","author":"Peirce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-018-9645-y","article-title":"ISCEV extended protocol for the photopic On\u2013Off ERG","volume":"136","author":"Sustar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib38","first-page":"514","article-title":"The photopic negative response of the flash electroretinogram in primary open angle glaucoma","volume":"42","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib39","first-page":"1124","article-title":"The photopic negative response of the macaque electroretinogram: reduction by experimental glaucoma","volume":"40","author":"Viswanathan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15043","article-title":"A systematic review of near work and myopia: measurement, relationships, mechanisms and clinical corollaries","volume":"100","author":"Gajjar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.4.17","article-title":"Transient eye shortening during reading text with inverted contrast: effects of refractive error and letter size","volume":"11","author":"Swiatczak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib42","first-page":"690","article-title":"Myopic children show insufficient accommodative response to blur","volume":"34","author":"Gwiazda","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01203688","article-title":"Electroretinogram responses and refractive errors in patients with a history of retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"91","author":"Fulton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.01.026","article-title":"Myopia in adults with retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"145","author":"Baker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2004.12.018","article-title":"High myopia associated with retinopathy of prematurity is primarily lenticular","volume":"9","author":"Garcia-Valenzuela","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"bib46","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity of ON and OFF human retinal pathways in myopia","author":"Poudel","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib47","first-page":"81","article-title":"On- and off-responses in photopic electroretinogram in complete and incomplete types of congenital stationary night blindness","volume":"33","author":"Miyake","year":"1987","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib48","first-page":"701","article-title":"Photopic ON- and OFF-pathway abnormalities in retinal dystrophies","volume":"91","author":"Sieving","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00068-8","article-title":"Abnormalities of the long flash ERG in congenital stationary night blindness of the Schubert-Bornschein type","volume":"42","author":"Langrov\u00e1","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.06.009","article-title":"ON pathway mutations increase susceptibility to form-deprivation myopia","volume":"137","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902920402","article-title":"Human photoreceptor topography","volume":"292","author":"Curcio","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.10.017","article-title":"Sign-dependent changes in retinal electrical activity with positive and negative defocus in the human eye","volume":"52","author":"Ho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78300-x","article-title":"Retinal \u201csweet spot\u201d for myopia treatment","volume":"14","author":"Swiatczak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.23.11.83","article-title":"Poster Session: Peripheral blur may provide the eye with a cue for the sign of defocus","volume":"23","author":"Zheleznyak","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13104","article-title":"Peripheral optical anisotropy in refractive error groups","volume":"43","author":"Zheleznyak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5098","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.537268","article-title":"Chromatic cues for the sign of defocus in the peripheral retina","volume":"15","author":"Zheleznyak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express Op"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy221","article-title":"Cortical balance between on and off visual responses is modulated by the spatial properties of the visual stimulus","volume":"29","author":"Jansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"32","key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6276","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3215-18.2019","article-title":"Amblyopia affects the on visual pathway more than the off","volume":"39","author":"Pons","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026282425885","article-title":"Influence of axial length of normal eyes on PERG","volume":"107","author":"Hidajat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017535207481","article-title":"Values of electroretinogram responses according to axial length","volume":"102","author":"Westall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200206120-00010","article-title":"Refractive compensation to optical defocus depends on the temporal profile of luminance modulation of the environment","volume":"13","author":"Crewther","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib63","first-page":"1","article-title":"Emmetropic, but not myopic human eyes distinguish positive defocus from calculated blur","volume":"62","author":"Swiatczak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26323-7","article-title":"Myopia: why the retina stops inhibiting eye growth","volume":"12","author":"Swiatczak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib2","volume-title":"Report of the 2030 Targets on Effective Coverage of Eye Care","author":"The WHO Team, Sensory Functions, Disability, and Rehabilitation (SDR)","year":"2022"},{"key":"bib5","volume-title":"Dioptrik Oder Schilderung Der Folgen, Die Sich Aus Der Unl\u00e4ngst Gemachten Erfindung Der Fernrohre F\u00fcr Das Sehen Und Die Sichtbaren Gegenst\u00e4nde Ergeben. (Original Work Published in 1611). Trans, from Latin into German by F. Plehn","author":"Kepler","year":"1904"},{"key":"bib11","volume-title":"Myopia: Causes, Prevention, and Treatment of an Increasingly Common Disease","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Board of Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences; Committee on Focus on Myopia: Pathogenesis and Rising Incidence","year":"2024"},{"key":"bib59","article-title":"Long exposure to positive lens defocus induces opposite effects in ciliary muscle, but similar changes in retinal activity in emmetropes and myopes","volume-title":"Abstract International Myopia Conference Sanya, Hainan, China","author":"Wagner"},{"key":"bib65","first-page":"239","article-title":"Eye movements during reading","volume-title":"Eye Movements Research. An Introduction to Its Scientific Foundations and Applications","author":"Hy\u00f6n\u00e4","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2802631","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:10Z","timestamp":1791927130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2802631"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.66.2.66","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]}}}