{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:01:57Z","timestamp":1791928917807,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.3.37","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T11:31:27Z","timestamp":1742297487000},"page":"37","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Modulation of All-\n                    <i>Trans<\/i>\n                    Retinoic Acid by Light and Dopamine in the Murine Eye"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Talwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"},{"name":"Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reece","family":"Mazade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"},{"name":"Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Bentley-Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"},{"name":"Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianshi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nageswara","family":"Pilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen A.","family":"Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Ross","family":"Ethier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Machelle T.","family":"Pardue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"},{"name":"Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-4327(84)90011-7","article-title":"Visual adaptation and retinal gain controls","volume":"3","author":"Shapley","year":"1984","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.11.42","article-title":"The spatial frequency content of urban and indoor environments as a potential risk factor for myopia development","volume":"61","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4804","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24415","article-title":"Dim light exposure and myopia in children","volume":"59","author":"Landis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-024-00354-7","article-title":"The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia","volume":"43","author":"Biswas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Physiol Anthropol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib5","first-page":"632","article-title":"Associations of children's close reading distance and time spent indoors with myopia, based on parental questionnaire","volume":"9","author":"Parssinen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.280","article-title":"Epidemiology of myopia","volume":"28","author":"Foster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49","article-title":"The complications of myopia: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Haarman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5348","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3419","article-title":"The effect of ambient illuminance on the development of deprivation myopia in chicks","volume":"50","author":"Ashby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5247","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4689","article-title":"The effect of bright light on lens compensation in chicks","volume":"51","author":"Ashby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20402","article-title":"Bright light suppresses form-deprivation myopia development with activation of dopamine D1 receptor signaling in the ON pathway in retina","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.05.004","article-title":"Light levels, refractive development, and myopia\u2013a speculative review","volume":"114","author":"Norton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6324","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13802","article-title":"The effect of spectral property and intensity of light on natural refractive development and compensation to negative lenses in guinea pigs","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8652","article-title":"Protective effects of high ambient lighting on the development of form-deprivation myopia in rhesus monkeys","volume":"53","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11713","article-title":"Negative lens-induced myopia in infant monkeys: effects of high ambient lighting","volume":"54","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4779","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19310","article-title":"Development of experimental myopia in chicks in a natural environment","volume":"57","author":"Stone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0127863","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127863","article-title":"Exposure to sunlight reduces the risk of myopia in rhesus monkeys","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.1.28","article-title":"Ambient light regulates retinal dopamine signaling and myopia susceptibility","volume":"62","author":"Landis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000160","article-title":"Light exposure and physical activity in myopic and emmetropic children","volume":"91","author":"Read","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt Vision Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.12.019","article-title":"Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't","volume":"115","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.009","article-title":"Outdoor activity during class recess reduces myopia onset and progression in school children. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't","volume":"120","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10803","article-title":"Effect of time spent outdoors at school on the development of myopia among children in China: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"314","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.12.011","article-title":"Myopia prevention and outdoor light intensity in a school-based cluster randomized trial","volume":"125","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.2.704","article-title":"Retinal dopamine and form-deprivation myopia. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S","volume":"86","author":"Stone","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.06.003","article-title":"Dopamine signaling and myopia development: what are the key challenges","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1159\/000055496","article-title":"Retinoic acid increases in the retina of the chick with form deprivation myopia","volume":"30","author":"Seko","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.5.22","article-title":"Exogenous all-Trans retinoic acid induces myopia and alters scleral biomechanics in mice","volume":"64","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071","article-title":"Candidate pathways for retina to scleral signaling in refractive eye growth","volume":"219","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"22","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12570","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.22.12570","article-title":"Light-mediated retinoic acid production","volume":"93","author":"McCaffery","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1999.0813","article-title":"Choroidal retinoic acid synthesis: a possible mediator between refractive error and compensatory eye growth","volume":"70","author":"Mertz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0298","article-title":"Change in the synthesis rates of ocular retinoic acid and scleral glycosaminoglycan during experimentally altered eye growth in marmosets","volume":"47","author":"Troilo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902960108","article-title":"Immunolocalization of cellular retinoic acid binding protein to Muller cells and\/or a subpopulation of GABA-positive amacrine cells in retinas of different species","volume":"296","author":"Milam","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800012256","article-title":"Characterization of aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive amacrine cells restricted in distribution to the dorsal retina","volume":"14","author":"Milam","year":"1997","journal-title":"Visual Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1017\/S095252380000794X","article-title":"Characterization and localization of an aldehyde dehydrogenase to amacrine cells of bovine retina","volume":"12","author":"Saari","year":"1995","journal-title":"Visual Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(92)90126-D","article-title":"Synthesis of retinoic acid from retinol by cultured rabbit Muller cells","volume":"54","author":"Edwards","year":"1992","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2019.03.006","article-title":"Dopaminergic modulation of retinal processing from starlight to sunlight","volume":"140","author":"Roy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DOOP.0000019487.88486.0a","article-title":"Dopamine and retinal function. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review","volume":"108","author":"Witkovsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.01.042","article-title":"Rod photoreceptor activation alone defines the release of dopamine in the retina","volume":"29","author":"Perez-Fernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8444","article-title":"Identification of RALDH2 as a visually regulated retinoic acid synthesizing enzyme in the chick choroid","volume":"53","author":"Rada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108252","article-title":"Retinoic acid synthesis by a population of choroidal stromal cells","volume":"201","author":"Summers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp eye res"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.06.038","article-title":"Local luminance and contrast in natural images. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural","volume":"46","author":"Frazor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vision research"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3002535","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002535","article-title":"Recommendations for measuring and standardizing light for laboratory mammals to improve welfare and reproducibility in animal research","volume":"22","author":"Lucas","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.10.004","article-title":"Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age","volume":"37","author":"Lucas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20041867","article-title":"Quantification of endogenous retinoic acid in limited biological samples by LC\/MS\/MS","volume":"388","author":"Kane","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-325-1","article-title":"Quantification of endogenous retinoids","volume":"652","author":"Kane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.05.009","article-title":"Functional analysis of dopaminergic systems in a DYT1 knock-in mouse model of dystonia","volume":"48","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.13.13","article-title":"Altered structure and function of murine sclera in form-deprivation myopia","volume":"63","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2008.03.038","article-title":"HPLC\/UV quantitation of retinal, retinol, and retinyl esters in serum and tissues","volume":"378","author":"Kane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3222","DOI":"10.1021\/ac504597q","article-title":"Use of fast HPLC multiple reaction monitoring cubed for endogenous retinoic acid quantification in complex matrices","volume":"87","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1021\/ac702030f","article-title":"Quantitative profiling of endogenous retinoic acid in vivo and in vitro by tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"80","author":"Kane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-123","article-title":"Detecting outliers when fitting data with nonlinear regression - a new method based on robust nonlinear regression and the false discovery rate","volume":"7","author":"Motulsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99435","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099435","article-title":"Effects of diet and strain on mouse serum and tissue retinoid concentrations","volume":"9","author":"Obrochta","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.04.012","article-title":"Retinoic acid signaling in mammalian eye development","volume":"89","author":"Cvekl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib53","first-page":"670","article-title":"Retinoic acid metabolic change in retina and choroid of the guinea pig with lens-induced myopia","volume":"5","author":"Mao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2003.11.002","article-title":"Retinoic acid signals the direction of ocular elongation in the guinea pig eye","volume":"44","author":"McFadden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.1.21","article-title":"Short wavelength (blue) light is protective for lens-induced myopia in guinea pigs potentially through a retinoic acid-related mechanism","volume":"62","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15644","article-title":"Photoreceptor regulation of spatial visual behavior","volume":"56","author":"Alam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01816-6","article-title":"Rods progressively escape saturation to drive visual responses in daylight conditions","volume":"8","author":"Tikidji-Hamburyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)90771-0","article-title":"Activation of dopamine-containing amacrine cells of retina: light-induced increase of acidic dopamine metabolites","volume":"260","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-811X-11-34","article-title":"Complexity of dopamine metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Meiser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00145.x","article-title":"Vitreal dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) as an index of retinal dopamine release","volume":"76","author":"Megaw","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"4370","key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1126\/science.30997","article-title":"Light stimulates tyrosine hydroxylase activity and dopamine synthesis in retinal amacrine neurons","volume":"202","author":"Iuvone","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib62","first-page":"384","article-title":"Effect of light on dopamine turnover and metabolism in rabbit retina","volume":"24","author":"Parkinson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4413","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-23880","article-title":"Effects of light of different spectral composition on refractive development and retinal dopamine in chicks","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.11.018","article-title":"Changes in dopamine and ZENK during suppression of myopia in chicks by intense illuminance","volume":"145","author":"Lan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.08.004","article-title":"Ambient illuminance, retinal dopamine release and refractive development in chicks","volume":"103","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.12.4","article-title":"Form-deprivation and lens-induced myopia are similarly affected by pharmacological manipulation of the dopaminergic system in chicks","volume":"61","author":"Thomson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70271-z","article-title":"Levodopa inhibits the development of lens-induced myopia in chicks","volume":"10","author":"Thomson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-006-0254-1","article-title":"Effects of direct intravitreal dopamine injections on the development of lid-suture induced myopia in rabbits","volume":"244","author":"Gao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.12.061","article-title":"Different roles of retinal dopamine in albino Guinea pig myopia","volume":"639","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370216638773","article-title":"Citicoline retards myopia progression following form deprivation in guinea pigs","volume":"241","author":"Mao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181c12b3d","article-title":"Levodopa inhibits the development of form-deprivation myopia in guinea pigs","volume":"87","author":"Mao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4412","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17784","article-title":"Altered refractive development in mice with reduced levels of retinal dopamine","volume":"57","author":"Bergen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib73","first-page":"2824","article-title":"Inhibition of experimental myopia by a dopamine agonist: different effectiveness between form deprivation and hyperopic defocus in guinea pigs","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00347-7","article-title":"Induction of axial eye elongation and myopic refractive shift in one-year-old chickens","volume":"38","author":"Papastergiou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800012360","article-title":"Dopamine synthesis and metabolism in rhesus monkey retina: development, aging, and the effects of monocular visual deprivation","volume":"2","author":"Iuvone","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-018-1183-1","article-title":"Study of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 in myopic retina using [(18)F]FP-(+)-DTBZ","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Imaging Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689508999936","article-title":"Retinal dopamine and lens-induced refractive errors in chicks","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800012153","article-title":"Concentrations of biogenic amines in fundal layers in chickens with normal visual experience, deprivation, and after reserpine application","volume":"14","author":"Ohngemach","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"bib79","first-page":"1318","article-title":"Comparison of refractive development and retinal dopamine in OFF pathway mutant and C57BL\/6J wild-type mice","volume":"20","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"issue":"PG-79-83","key":"bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.06.009","article-title":"ON pathway mutations increase susceptibility to form-deprivation myopia","volume":"137","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6272","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14648","article-title":"Visually-driven ocular growth in mice requires functional rod photoreceptors","volume":"55","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13362","article-title":"Unaltered retinal dopamine levels in a C57BL\/6 mouse model of form-deprivation myopia","volume":"56","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2006.05.002","article-title":"Acute effects of dietary retinoic acid on ocular components in the growing chick","volume":"83","author":"McFadden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1999.0762","article-title":"Visually induced changes in components of the retinoic acid system in fundal layers of the chick","volume":"70","author":"Bitzer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib85","first-page":"131","article-title":"Expressions of cellular retinoic acid binding proteins I and retinoic acid receptor-beta in the guinea pig eyes with experimental myopia","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R100015-JLR200","article-title":"Gene expression regulation by retinoic acid","volume":"43","author":"Balmer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"bib87","first-page":"689","article-title":"All-trans retinoic acid regulates the expression of the extracellular matrix protein fibulin-1 in the guinea pig sclera and human scleral fibroblasts","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523805223015","article-title":"The role of the retinal pigment epithelium in eye growth regulation and myopia: a review","volume":"22","author":"Rymer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib89","first-page":"67","article-title":"Effects of dopamine on the chick retinal pigment epithelium. Membrane potentials and light-evoked responses","volume":"31","author":"Gallemore","year":"1990","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00162724","article-title":"Effect of dopamine and haloperidol on the c-wave and light peak of light-induced retinal responses in chick eye","volume":"65","author":"Sato","year":"1987","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00146553","article-title":"Electrooculographic and electroretinographic study in the chicken after dopamine and haloperidol","volume":"75","author":"Wioland","year":"1990","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1009","article-title":"Structural and elemental evidence for edema in the retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and choroid during recovery from experimentally induced myopia","volume":"45","author":"Liang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"42","key":"bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15663","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607241103","article-title":"Ionic control of ocular growth and refractive change","volume":"103","author":"Crewther","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2839","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002839","article-title":"Potassium channel and NKCC cotransporter involvement in ocular refractive control mechanisms","volume":"3","author":"Crewther","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS One"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2802702","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:04Z","timestamp":1791927124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2802702"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.66.3.37","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]}}}