{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:01:40Z","timestamp":1791928900254,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.4.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T03:45:03Z","timestamp":1743738303000},"page":"2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Volumetric Measures of Capillary Nonperfusion on Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Detect Early Ischemia in Diabetes Without Retinopathy"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Janice X.","family":"Ong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hunter J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole L.","family":"Decker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Castellanos-Canales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisashi","family":"Fukuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amani A.","family":"Fawzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","article-title":"Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9(th) edition","volume":"157","author":"Saeedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.09.025","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy preferred practice pattern(R)","volume":"127","author":"Flaxel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00475-5","article-title":"Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales","volume":"110","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2017.04.003","article-title":"The pathology associated with diabetic retinopathy","volume":"139","author":"Lechner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.38","article-title":"Acute hyperglycemia reverses neurovascular coupling during dark to light adaptation in healthy subjects on optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"61","author":"Kwan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3523","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113523","article-title":"Reversed neurovascular coupling on optical coherence tomography angiography is the earliest detectable abnormality before clinical diabetic retinopathy","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib7","first-page":"1723","article-title":"Longitudinal microvascular and neuronal retinal evaluation in patients with diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2 and good glycemic control","volume":"43","author":"Vujosevic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.09.032","article-title":"Early detection of microvascular impairments with optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic patients without clinical retinopathy: a meta-analysis","volume":"222","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8676091","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8676091","article-title":"Parafoveal OCT angiography features in diabetic patients without clinical diabetic retinopathy: a qualitative and quantitative analysis","volume":"2017","author":"Goudot","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.01.012","article-title":"Earliest evidence of preclinical diabetic retinopathy revealed using optical coherence tomography angiography perfused capillary density","volume":"203","author":"Rosen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902970111","article-title":"Retinal vasculature of the fovea of the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus: three-dimensional architecture, visual screening, and relationships to the neuronal layers","volume":"297","author":"Snodderly","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib12","first-page":"1698","article-title":"Relation between superficial capillaries and foveal structures in the human retina","volume":"27","author":"Iwasaki","year":"1986","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202000152","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202000152","article-title":"Quantification of diabetic macular ischemia using novel three-dimensional optical coherence tomography angiography metrics","volume":"13","author":"Borrelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biophotonics"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2019.2948867","article-title":"3D shape modeling and analysis of retinal microvasculature in OCT-angiography images","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99297-7","article-title":"Volume rendered 3D OCTA assessment of macular ischemia in patients with type 1 diabetes and without diabetic retinopathy","volume":"11","author":"Borrelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000765","article-title":"Image artifacts in optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"35","author":"Spaide","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5101","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19776","article-title":"Automated quantification of nonperfusion in three retinal plexuses using projection-resolved optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.09.007","article-title":"Geometric perfusion deficits: a novel OCT angiography biomarker for diabetic retinopathy based on oxygen diffusion","volume":"222","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100579","article-title":"Quantitative volumetric analysis of retinal ischemia with an oxygen diffusion model and optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"4","author":"Zang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8154","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10290","article-title":"Retinal thickness in people with diabetes and minimal or no diabetic retinopathy: Heidelberg Spectralis optical coherence tomography","volume":"53","author":"Chalam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4710","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.004710","article-title":"Split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography","volume":"20","author":"Jia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0240064","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240064","article-title":"Superficial capillary perfusion on optical coherence tomography angiography differentiates moderate and severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"15","author":"Ong","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.7.000816","article-title":"Projection-resolved optical coherence tomographic angiography","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.5.6","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography of volumetric arteriovenous relationships in the healthy macula and their derangement in disease","volume":"64","author":"Ong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002258","article-title":"Anatomical and functional testing in diabetic patients without retinopathy: results of optical coherence tomography angiography and visual acuity under varying contrast and luminance conditions","volume":"39","author":"Meshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100482","article-title":"Perfusion deficits in diabetes without retinopathy localize to the perivenular deep capillaries near the fovea on OCT angiography","volume":"4","author":"Nesper","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.06.018","article-title":"Deep capillary nonperfusion on OCT angiography predicts complications in eyes with referable nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"7","author":"Ong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.06.016","article-title":"OCT angiography metrics predict progression of diabetic retinopathy and development of diabetic macular edema: a prospective study","volume":"126","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1696","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00221.2007","article-title":"Oxygen distribution and consumption in the macaque retina","volume":"293","author":"Birol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4264","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19859","article-title":"Photoreceptor cells produce inflammatory mediators that contribute to endothelial cell death in diabetes","volume":"57","author":"Tonade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-0970","article-title":"The early pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and its attenuation by sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors","volume":"73","author":"Yamato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"9-10","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1997.tb02133.x","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy: early functional changes","volume":"24","author":"Alder","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01677-6","article-title":"Functional assessment of early retinal changes in diabetic patients without clinical retinopathy using multifocal electroretinogram","volume":"20","author":"Mohammed","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.4.20","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of retinal microvascular abnormalities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without clinical sign of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25294","article-title":"Distances from capillaries to arterioles or venules measured using OCTA and AOSLO","volume":"60","author":"Arthur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.7.4.4","article-title":"Parafoveal nonperfusion analysis in diabetic retinopathy using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"7","author":"Krawitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3687","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S323882","article-title":"Examination of age-related retinal vascular changes in the macula using optical coherence tomography angiography of the eyes after cataract surgery","volume":"15","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.05.028","article-title":"Deep capillary geometric perfusion deficits on OCT angiography detect clinically referable eyes with diabetic retinopathy","volume":"6","author":"Nesper","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23304","article-title":"Importance of considering the middle capillary plexus on OCT angiography in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"59","author":"Onishi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2023.104499","article-title":"Impact of type 1 diabetes and its duration on wall-to-lumen ratio and blood flow in retinal arterioles","volume":"147","author":"Stefanski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.320169","article-title":"Imaging the retinal vascular mural cells in vivo: elucidating the timeline of their loss in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"44","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.13.6.8","article-title":"Hypertension likely drives arteriolar wall thickening in preclinical diabetic retinopathy while diabetes drives wall thickness in clinical retinopathy","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2802751","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:59Z","timestamp":1791927119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2802751"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.66.4.2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}}}