{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:01:18Z","timestamp":1791928878995,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.4.56","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T11:31:12Z","timestamp":1745235072000},"page":"56","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Ophthalmoscopy, Vision, and Chorioretinal Asymmetries in Aging and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: ALSTAR2"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Lukas","family":"Goerdt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy N.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Gerald","family":"McGwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Jena, Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason N.","family":"Crosson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"},{"name":"Retina Consultants of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth R.","family":"Sloan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Owsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Curcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2024.4401","article-title":"Economic burden of late-stage age-related macular degeneration in Bulgaria, Germany, and the US","volume":"142","author":"Paudel","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01520-9","article-title":"Pegcetacoplan for the treatment of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration (OAKS and DERBY): two multicentre, randomised, double-masked, sham-controlled, phase 3 trials","volume":"402","author":"Heier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01583-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of avacincaptad pegol in patients with geographic atrophy (GATHER2): 12-month results from a randomised, double-masked, phase 3 trial","volume":"402","author":"Khanani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062655","article-title":"Ranibizumab versus verteporfin for neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"355","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-006-0468-2","article-title":"Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) associated with the regression of subretinal neovascularization in idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis","volume":"245","author":"Jorge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102673","article-title":"Ranibizumab and bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"364","author":"CATT Research Group","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.07.014","article-title":"Oral antioxidant and lutein\/zeaxanthin supplements slow geographic atrophy progression to the fovea in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"132","author":"Keenan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.4997","article-title":"Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"309","author":"Age Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) Research Group","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.10.1417","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8","volume":"119","author":"Age Related Eye Disease Study Research Group","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000004266","article-title":"LIGHTSITE III: 13-month efficacy and safety evaluation of multiwavelength photobiomodulation in nonexudative (dry) age-related macular degeneration using the Lumithera Valeda Light Delivery System","volume":"44","author":"Boyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Retina."},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01467-0","article-title":"Functionally validated imaging endpoints in the Alabama study on early age-related macular degeneration 2 (ALSTAR2): design and methods","volume":"20","author":"Curcio","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100274","article-title":"Biologically guided optimization of test target location for rod-mediated dark adaptation in age-related macular degeneration: Alabama Study on Early Age-related Macular Degeneration 2 Baseline","volume":"3","author":"Owsley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci."},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.3.4","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration, a mathematically tractable disease","volume":"65","author":"Curcio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903000103","article-title":"Topography of ganglion cells in human retina","volume":"300","author":"Curcio","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol."},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902920402","article-title":"Human photoreceptor topography","volume":"292","author":"Curcio","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol."},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.03.001","article-title":"Dark adaptation and the retinoid cycle of vision","volume":"23","author":"Lamb","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.11.1570","article-title":"A simplified severity scale for age-related macular degeneration: AREDS report no. 18","volume":"123","author":"Age related Eye Disease Study Research Group","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.09.041","article-title":"Delayed rod-mediated dark adaptation is a functional biomarker for incident early age-related macular degeneration","volume":"123","author":"Owsley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.06.005","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy","author":"Dysli","year":"2017;60","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1007\/s00347-002-0656-3","article-title":"Time-correlated measurement of autofluorescence. A method to detect metabolic changes in the fundus","volume":"99","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmologe."},{"key":"bib22","first-page":"1","article-title":"The bh TCSPC Handbook","author":"Becker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scanning."},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.7.11","article-title":"Comparing fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy in atrophic areas of retinal diseases","volume":"10","author":"Goerdt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol."},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2017.10.008","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy: a novel way to assess macular telangiectasia type 2","volume":"2","author":"Sauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina."},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13587","article-title":"Monitoring foveal sparing in geographic atrophy with fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy - a novel approach","volume":"96","author":"Sauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3054","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-26835","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (FLIO) in eyes with pigment epithelial detachments due to age-related macular degeneration","volume":"60","author":"Sauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002646","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (FLIO) patterns in clinically unaffected children of macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel) patients","volume":"40","author":"Sauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retina."},{"key":"bib28","first-page":"1597","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy in patients with macular telangiectasia type 2 with and without diabetes","volume":"43","author":"Sauer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Retina."},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23336","article-title":"Fundus autofluorescence lifetime patterns in retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"59","author":"Dysli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18033","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime imaging in Stargardt disease: potential marker for disease progression","volume":"57","author":"Dysli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6714","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20392","article-title":"Autofluorescence lifetimes in patients with choroideremia identify photoreceptors in areas with retinal pigment epithelium atrophy","volume":"57","author":"Dysli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1159\/000503567","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime patterns of retinal pigment epithelium atrophy in patients with Stargardt disease and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"243","author":"Solberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica."},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"AMD65","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23764","article-title":"Patterns of fundus autofluorescence lifetimes in eyes of individuals with nonexudative age-related macular degeneration","volume":"59","author":"Sauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4856","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22184","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetimes of drusen in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"58","author":"Dysli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.10.25","article-title":"Extent and topography of subretinal drusenoid deposits associate with rod-mediated vision in aging and AMD: ALSTAR2 baseline","volume":"65","author":"Goerdt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.101017","article-title":"Reticular pseudodrusen: a critical phenotype in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"88","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.06.023","article-title":"Impairments in dark adaptation are associated with age-related macular degeneration severity and reticular pseudodrusen","volume":"122","author":"Flamendorf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.02.021","article-title":"Relating retinal morphology and function in aging and early to intermediate age-related macular degeneration subjects","volume":"165","author":"Sevilla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.03.061","article-title":"Structural changes associated with delayed dark adaptation in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"124","author":"La\u00edns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4154","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-23970","article-title":"Subretinal drusenoid deposits and the loss of rod function in intermediate age-related macular degeneration","volume":"59","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S195564","article-title":"Choroideremia: update on clinical features and emerging treatments","volume":"13","author":"Brambati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.13.5","article-title":"Prolonged lifetimes of histologic autofluorescence in ectopic retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"63","author":"Simon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.16752","article-title":"Hyperautofluorescent material inside areas of macular atrophy may reveal non-lipofuscin fluorophores in late stage AMD","volume":"103","author":"Tarhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e841","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14963","article-title":"Spectral and lifetime resolution of fundus autofluorescence in advanced age-related macular degeneration revealing different signal sources","volume":"100","author":"Schultz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.003078","article-title":"Fundus autofluorescence beyond lipofuscin: lesson learned from ex vivo fluorescence lifetime imaging in porcine eyes","volume":"9","author":"Hammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express."},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051358","article-title":"Dark adaptation and its role in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"11","author":"Nigalye","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17469899.2023.2287178","article-title":"Rod mediated dark adaptation, a functional test for early and intermediate AMD outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Owsley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-23886","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (FLIO) of macular pigment","volume":"59","author":"Sauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4668","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15335","article-title":"Impact of macular pigment on fundus autofluorescence lifetimes","volume":"56","author":"Sauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.7.17","article-title":"How vision is impaired from aging to early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration: insights from ALSTAR2 baseline","volume":"11","author":"Owsley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol."},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0279158","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279158","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime distribution in phakic and pseudophakic healthy eyes","volume":"18","author":"Dysli","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.3.13","article-title":"Personalized lens correction improves quantitative fundus autofluorescence analysis","volume":"65","author":"von der Emde","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods."},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.8.46","article-title":"Local abundance of macular xanthophyll pigment is associated with rod- and cone-mediated vision in aging and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"61","author":"Kar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2022.100263","article-title":"Macular and plasma xanthophylls are higher in age-related macular degeneration than in normal aging: Alabama study on early age-related macular degeneration 2 baseline","volume":"3","author":"McGwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci."},{"key":"bib56","article-title":"Quantitative autofluorescence at AMD's beginnings highlights retinal topography and grading system differences: ALSTAR2 baseline [published online ahead of print April 24, 2024]","author":"Berlin","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica."},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.146233","article-title":"Colour versus grey-scale display of images on high-resolution spectral OCT","volume":"93","author":"Brar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5444","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19160-7","article-title":"The misuse of colour in science communication","volume":"11","author":"Crameri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-315124","article-title":"Validation of electronic visual acuity (EVA) measurement against standardised ETDRS charts in patients with visual field loss from inherited retinal degenerations","volume":"104","author":"Jolly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2015.01.011","article-title":"A new computer-based pediatric vision-screening test","volume":"19","author":"Yamada","year":"2015","journal-title":"J AAPOS."},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01825-1","article-title":"A computerized method of visual acuity testing: adaptation of the early treatment of diabetic retinopathy study testing protocol","volume":"135","author":"Beck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1198","article-title":"Improving the design of the letter contrast sensitivity test","volume":"46","author":"Arditi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13269","article-title":"Monitoring macular pigment changes in macular holes using fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy","volume":"95","author":"Sauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.9.2","article-title":"Autofluorescence lifetimes measured with fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (FLIO) are affected by age, but not by pigmentation or gender","volume":"9","author":"Sauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol."},{"key":"bib65","first-page":"3278","article-title":"Aging of the human photoreceptor mosaic: evidence for selective vulnerability of rods in central retina","volume":"34","author":"Curcio","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib66","first-page":"1236","article-title":"Photoreceptor loss in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"37","author":"Curcio","year":"1996","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib67","article-title":"Cell types and cell circuits in human and non-human primate retina [published online ahead of print February 5, 2020]","author":"Gr\u00fcnert","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-100419-115801","article-title":"Morphology, molecular characterization, and connections of ganglion cells in primate retina","volume":"7","author":"Gr\u00fcnert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0131640","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131640","article-title":"FLIMX: a software package to determine and analyze the fluorescence lifetime in time-resolved fluorescence data from the human eye","author":"Klemm","year":"2015;10","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13627","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of fluorescence lifetime measurements of the macula using the fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscope in healthy subjects","volume":"55","author":"Dysli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18381","article-title":"Autofluorescence lifetimes in geographic atrophy in patients with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"57","author":"Dysli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001452","article-title":"Fundus autofluorescence lifetimes and central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"37","author":"Dysli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retina."},{"key":"bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.5.20","article-title":"Fundus autofluorescence lifetimes and spectral features of soft drusen and hyperpigmentation in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"9","author":"Hammer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol."},{"key":"bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.13.23","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime and spectral characteristics of subretinal drusenoid deposits and their predictive value for progression of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"63","author":"Weber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318217ff87","article-title":"Choroid is thinner in inferior region of optic disks of normal eyes","volume":"32","author":"Tanabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retina."},{"key":"bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3474","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39653-w","article-title":"Wide-field choroidal thickness in myopes and emmetropes","volume":"9","author":"Hoseini-Yazdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001347","article-title":"Analysis of age-related choroidal layers thinning in healthy eyes using swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"37","author":"Ruiz-Medrano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retina."},{"key":"bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.09.012","article-title":"Age-related changes in choroidal thickness and the volume of vessels and stroma using swept-source oct and fully automated algorithms","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina."},{"key":"bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0207638","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207638","article-title":"Topographic distribution of choriocapillaris flow deficits in healthy eyes","volume":"13","author":"Nassisi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.12.025","article-title":"Age-dependent changes in the macular choriocapillaris of normal eyes imaged with swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"200","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.12.41","article-title":"Choriocapillaris impairment is associated with delayed rod-mediated dark adaptation in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"64","author":"Kar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.3.34","article-title":"Determinants of macular layers and optic disc characteristics on SD-OCT: the Rhineland study","volume":"8","author":"Mauschitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol."},{"key":"bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1296-6","article-title":"Thickness of individual layers at the macula and associated factors: the Beijing Eye Study 2011","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.4.15","article-title":"Decreased macular choriocapillaris perfusion in eyes with macular reticular pseudodrusen imaged with swept-source OCT angiography","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.25.7.071203","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy: fundamentals and advances in instrumentation, analysis, and applications","volume":"25","author":"Datta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt."},{"key":"bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.8.13","article-title":"Atlas of human retinal pigment epithelium organelles significant for clinical imaging","volume":"61","author":"Pollreisz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.15.35","article-title":"Volumetric reconstruction of a human retinal pigment epithelial cell reveals specialized membranes and polarized distribution of organelles","volume":"64","author":"Lindell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2023.2240547","article-title":"Discernibility of the interdigitation zone (IZ), a potential optical coherence tomography (OCT) biomarker for visual dysfunction in aging","volume":"48","author":"Berlin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res."},{"key":"bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.2.1","article-title":"Potential structural biomarkers in 3D images validated by the first functional biomarker for early age-related macular degeneration - ALSTAR2 baseline","volume":"65","author":"Fasih-Ahmad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.8.40","article-title":"Choriocapillaris impairment, visual function, and distance to fovea in aging and age-related macular degeneration: ALSTAR2 baseline","volume":"65","author":"Kar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1021\/cr900343z","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime measurements and biological imaging","volume":"110","author":"Berezin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem Rev."},{"key":"bib92","first-page":"63282","article-title":"Autofluorescence imaging to evaluate cellular metabolism","volume":"177","author":"Theodossiou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vis Exp."},{"key":"bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medpho.2014.12.001","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM): basic concepts and some recent developments","volume":"27","author":"Suhling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Photonics."},{"key":"bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11484","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37484-4","article-title":"Impact of cigarette smoking on fluorescence lifetime of ocular fundus","volume":"13","author":"Sonntag","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e970","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14694","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetimes increase over time in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"99","author":"Schultz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.12.2","article-title":"Progressive dysmorphia of retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degeneration investigated by fluorescence lifetime imaging","volume":"62","author":"Hammer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e154","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15238","article-title":"Changes in drusen-associated autofluorescence over time observed by fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"101","author":"Schwanengel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.006","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and incidence of advanced age-related macular degeneration: the EYE-RISK Consortium","volume":"126","author":"Merle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"bib99","first-page":"51\u201352:6\u201312","article-title":"Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and its association with age-related macular degeneration. The Coimbra Eye Study-Report 4","author":"Nunes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrition."},{"key":"bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1235","article-title":"Plasma lutein and zeaxanthin and other carotenoids as modifiable risk factors for age-related maculopathy and cataract: the POLA Study","volume":"47","author":"Delcourt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.76","article-title":"Dietary fatty acids and the 10-year incidence of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"127","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.038240","article-title":"The putative role of lutein and zeaxanthin as protective agents against age-related macular degeneration: promise of molecular genetics for guiding mechanistic and translational research in the field","volume":"96","author":"SanGiovanni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.5.671","article-title":"The relationship of dietary lipid intake and age-related macular degeneration in a case-control study: AREDS Report No. 20","volume":"125","author":"SanGiovanni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.10.037","article-title":"The ARMS2 A69S polymorphism is associated with delayed rod-mediated dark adaptation in eyes at risk for incident age-related macular degeneration","volume":"126","author":"Mullins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.14.17","article-title":"The effect of genetic variants associated with age-related macular degeneration varies with age","volume":"61","author":"Schick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.4602","article-title":"Associations of Alzheimer disease\u2013protective APOE variants with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"141","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1086\/301901","article-title":"Genetic association of apolipoprotein E with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"63","author":"Klaver","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet."},{"key":"bib108","first-page":"5276","article-title":"Protective coding variants in CFH and PELI3 and a variant near CTRB1 are associated with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet."},{"key":"bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.4.27","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime imaging of human retinal pigment epithelium in pentosan polysulfate toxicity using adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy","volume":"65","author":"Bowles Johnson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"bib110","first-page":"S22707","article-title":"Multispectral label-free in vivo cellular imaging of human retinal pigment epithelium using adaptive optics fluorescence lifetime ophthalmoscopy improves feasibility for low emission analysis and increases sensitivity for detecting changes with age and eccentricity","volume":"29","author":"Kunala","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt."},{"key":"bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199705060-00039","article-title":"Tryptophan is present in glial cells and photoreceptors in the chicken retina","volume":"8","author":"Pow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroreport."},{"key":"bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-021-02981-1","article-title":"Proline metabolism and transport in retinal health and disease","volume":"53","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Amino Acids."},{"key":"bib113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.4.1271","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime imaging of free and protein-bound NADH","volume":"89","author":"Lakowicz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.200300881","article-title":"Photophysical aspects of single-molecule detection by two-photon excitation with consideration of sequential pulsed illumination","volume":"5","author":"Niesner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chemphyschem."},{"key":"bib115","first-page":"1409","article-title":"Thiamine oxidative transformations catalyzed by copper ions and ascorbic acid","volume":"62","author":"Stepuro","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochemistry (Mosc)."},{"key":"bib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2257-4","article-title":"Measurement of mitochondrial NADH and FAD autofluorescence in live cells","volume":"1264","author":"Bartolom\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol."},{"key":"bib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1987.tb07385.x","article-title":"Fluorescence of melanin-dependence upon excitation wavelength and concentration","volume":"45","author":"Gallas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol."},{"key":"bib118","first-page":"241","article-title":"Oxidation causes melanin fluorescence","volume":"42","author":"Krayatz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0172635","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172635","article-title":"Lipofuscin-associated photo-oxidative stress during fundus autofluorescence imaging","volume":"12","author":"Teussink","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"bib120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"051908","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.80.051908","article-title":"Formation and growth of lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium cells","volume":"80","author":"Mazzitello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys."},{"key":"bib121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4943(02)00005-5","article-title":"What is lipofuscin? Defining characteristics and differentiation from other autofluorescent lysosomal storage bodies","volume":"34","author":"Katz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr."},{"key":"bib122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20427","article-title":"Towards metabolic mapping of the human retina","volume":"70","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"bib123","first-page":"652","article-title":"Human retinal M\u00fcller cells synthesize collagens of the vitreous and vitreoretinal interface in vitro","volume":"14","author":"Ponsioen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Vis."},{"key":"bib124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-013-0936-x","article-title":"Discovery of retinal elastin and its possible role in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng."},{"key":"bib125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"054010","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2975866","article-title":"Autofluorescence of epithelial tissue: single-photon versus two-photon excitation","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt."},{"key":"bib126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62248-1","article-title":"Decreased thickness and integrity of the macular elastic layer of Bruch's membrane correspond to the distribution of lesions associated with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"166","author":"Chong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2802899","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:08Z","timestamp":1791927128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2802899"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.66.4.56","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]}}}