{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:02:14Z","timestamp":1791928934979,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.4.64","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T11:30:32Z","timestamp":1745321432000},"page":"64","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association of Retinal Microvasculature With Myopia Progression in Children: The Hong Kong Children Eye Study"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Zi Xuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiu Juan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang Yao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ka Wai","family":"Kam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvin L.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Ip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol Y.","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi Pui","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement C.","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li Jia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoko","family":"Ohno-Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason C.","family":"Yam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00298.x","article-title":"Myopia and associated pathological complications","volume":"25","author":"Saw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.4.17","article-title":"Rapid myopic progression in childhood is associated with teenage high myopia","volume":"62","author":"Lanca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2395","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500185112","article-title":"Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of vascular abnormalities in the living human eye","volume":"112","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.3616","article-title":"Retinal vascular layers imaged by fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"133","author":"Spaide","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02767-0","article-title":"Determinants of quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography metrics in patients with diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.06.016","article-title":"OCT angiography metrics predict progression of diabetic retinopathy and development of diabetic macular edema: a prospective study","volume":"126","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000811","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography of retinal venous occlusion","volume":"35","author":"Kashani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"OCT451","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18944","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography vessel density in healthy, glaucoma suspect, and glaucoma eyes","volume":"57","author":"Yarmohammadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib10","first-page":"25158414211047020","article-title":"Early microvascular changes in patients with prediabetes evaluated by optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"13","author":"Arias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Adv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-01975-7","article-title":"Early neurovascular changes in the retina in preclinical diabetic retinopathy and its relation with blood glucose","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000002088","article-title":"Predicting visual field progression by optical coherence tomography angiography and pattern electroretinography in glaucoma","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2021.6433","article-title":"Association of initial optical coherence tomography angiography vessel density loss with faster visual field loss in glaucoma","volume":"140","author":"Nishida","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e639","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14350","article-title":"High prevalence of myopia in children and their parents in Hong Kong Chinese population: the Hong Kong Children Eye Study","volume":"98","author":"Yam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.08.006","article-title":"Progression patterns and risk factors of axial elongation in young adults with nonpathologic high myopia: three-year large longitudinal cohort follow-up","volume":"267","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib16","article-title":"Quantitative retinal microvasculature in children using swept-source optical coherence tomography: the Hong Kong Children Eye Study [published online ahead of print June 28, 2018","author":"Cheung","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.07.047","article-title":"Circularity index as a risk factor for progression of geographic atrophy","volume":"120","author":"Domalpally","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.5658","article-title":"Automated quantification of capillary nonperfusion using optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"134","author":"Hwang","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"OCT362","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18904","article-title":"Quantifying microvascular density and morphology in diabetic retinopathy using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509783","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/509783","article-title":"Quantifying optical microangiography images obtained from a spectral domain optical coherence tomography system","volume":"2012","author":"Reif","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Biomed Imaging"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.21.2388","article-title":"Quantitative retinal venular caliber and risk of cardiovascular disease in older persons: the cardiovascular health study","volume":"166","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001288","article-title":"An automatic, intercapillary area-based algorithm for quantifying diabetes-related capillary dropout using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"36","author":"Schottenhamml","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00175988","article-title":"Improvements on Littmann's method of determining the size of retinal features by fundus photography","volume":"232","author":"Bennett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2022.2119255","article-title":"Effect of ocular magnification on macular choroidal thickness measurements made using optical coherence tomography in children","volume":"47","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"bib25","first-page":"1104","article-title":"Progression of myopia in children and teenagers: a nationwide longitudinal study","volume":"106","author":"Tricard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.5835","article-title":"Axial elongation trajectories in Chinese children and adults with high myopia","volume":"142","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22171","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000022171","article-title":"Correlations among peripapillary vasculature, macular superficial capillaries, and eye structure in healthy and myopic eyes of Chinese young adults (STROBE)","volume":"99","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0438-7","article-title":"Association between retinal microvasculature and optic disc alterations in high myopia","volume":"33","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20181203-03","article-title":"Effect of age and myopia on retinal microvasculature","volume":"49","author":"Leng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0992-y","article-title":"The repeatability of superficial retinal vessel density measurements in eyes with long axial length using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2547216","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2547216","article-title":"Early detection of microvascular changes in patients with diabetes mellitus without and with diabetic retinopathy: comparison between different swept-source OCT-A instruments","volume":"2019","author":"Vujosevic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14030326","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography as a diagnostic tool for diabetic retinopathy","volume":"14","author":"Wijesingha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1998.0587","article-title":"Modulation of scleral DNA synthesis in development of and recovery from induced axial myopia in the tree shrew","volume":"68","author":"Gentle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.16.4.320.10697","article-title":"Compensation for spectacle lenses involves changes in proteoglycan synthesis in both the sclera and choroid","volume":"16","author":"Nickla","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00233-C","article-title":"Choroidal and scleral mechanisms of compensation for spectacle lenses in chicks","volume":"35","author":"Wildsoet","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.01.033","article-title":"Association between optic nerve head deformation and retinal microvasculature in high myopia","volume":"188","author":"Sung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0573-1","article-title":"Deep perifoveal vessel density as an indicator of capillary loss in high myopia","volume":"33","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2019.0105","article-title":"Repeatability of manual measurement of foveal avascular zone area in optical coherence tomography angiography images in high myopia","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16808","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96304-9","article-title":"Acircularity and circularity indexes of the foveal avascular zone in high myopia","volume":"11","author":"Piao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002890","article-title":"Foveal avascular zone volume: a new index based on optical coherence tomography angiography images","volume":"41","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21079","article-title":"Alterations of the foveal avascular zone measured by optical coherence tomography angiography in glaucoma patients with central visual field defects","volume":"58","author":"Kwon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0184948","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184948","article-title":"Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of macular vascular structure and foveal avascular zone in glaucoma","volume":"12","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950731","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.950731","article-title":"Effect of macular vascular density on visual quality in young myopic adults","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1159\/000523938","article-title":"The deep vascular plexus density is closely related to myopic severity","volume":"65","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2021.1943320","article-title":"Structural and haemodynamic properties of ocular vasculature in axial myopia","volume":"105","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6202","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116202","article-title":"Myopia alters the structural organization of the retinal vasculature, GFAP-positive glia, and ganglion cell layer thickness","volume":"23","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02743-1","article-title":"Macular and peripapillary choroidal vascularity index in children with different refractive status","volume":"38","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.45","article-title":"Deep retinal capillary plexus decreasing correlated with the outer retinal layer alteration and visual acuity impairment in pathological myopia","volume":"61","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512988","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1512988","article-title":"Retinal glia in myopia: current understanding and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513686","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1513686","article-title":"M\u00fcller cells and retinal angiogenesis: critical regulators in health and disease","volume":"18","author":"Medina-Arellano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"bib52","volume-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography for Choroidal and Vitreoretinal Disorders \u2013 Part 2","author":"Quiroz-Reyes","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2802905","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:10Z","timestamp":1791927130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2802905"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.66.4.64","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]}}}