{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:01:03Z","timestamp":1791928863329,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.9.29","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T13:30:38Z","timestamp":1752240638000},"page":"29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Relative Role of ON\/OFF Pathways in Resolving and Adapting to Blur in Myopes and Emmetropes"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Hosein","family":"Hoseini-Yazdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Carkeet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rida","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faaizah","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi Yu","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jade","family":"Chng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitansha","family":"Nand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Soen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leeanne","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandy","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1986.tb00716.x","article-title":"The effect of optical blur on visual acuity for targets of different luminances","volume":"6","author":"Simpson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199512000-00004","article-title":"Effects of luminance, contrast, and blur on visual acuity","volume":"72","author":"Johnson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9666","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.20.9666","article-title":"Dendritic field size and morphology of midget and parasol ganglion cells of the human retina","volume":"89","author":"Dacey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5334","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-12-05334.1993","article-title":"The mosaic of midget ganglion cells in the human retina","volume":"13","author":"Dacey","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.02.013","article-title":"The relation between resolution measurements and numbers of retinal ganglion cells in the same human subjects","volume":"45","author":"Popovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800001085","article-title":"Asymmetries in ON and OFF visual pathways of humans revealed using contrast-evoked cortical potentials","volume":"1","author":"Zemon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"bib7","first-page":"18","article-title":"Determination of myopes\u2019 visual acuity using stimuli with different contrast","volume":"49","author":"Ikaunieks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Latv J Phys Tech Sci"},{"key":"bib8","first-page":"1460","article-title":"Uncorrected myopia affects the visual resolution of OFF pathways more than ON pathways","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200311000-00010","article-title":"Visual acuity with reversed-contrast charts: I. Theoretical and psychophysical investigations","volume":"80","author":"Westheimer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200311000-00011","article-title":"Visual acuity with reversed-contrast charts: II. Clinical investigation","volume":"80","author":"Westheimer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1.1","DOI":"10.1167\/8.13.1","article-title":"Influence of adaptive-optics ocular aberration correction on visual acuity at different luminances and contrast polarities","volume":"8","author":"Marcos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2001.079004422.x","article-title":"The influence of level and polarity of figure-ground contrast on vision","volume":"79","author":"Pointer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8141(99)00040-2","article-title":"Effects of polarity and luminance contrast on visual performance and VDT display quality","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Ind Ergon"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04505-w","article-title":"Determination of scotopic and photopic conventional visual acuity and hyperacuity","volume":"258","author":"Freundlieb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2013.790485","article-title":"Positive display polarity is advantageous for both younger and older adults","volume":"56","author":"Piepenbrock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/17.14.5","article-title":"Neuronal mechanisms underlying differences in spatial resolution between darks and lights in human vision","volume":"17","author":"Pons","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.13033","article-title":"Blur adaptation: clinical and refractive considerations","volume":"103","author":"Cufflin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0266","article-title":"Improving vision: neural compensation for optical defocus","volume":"265","author":"Mon-Williams","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199307000-00002","article-title":"Decreased uncorrected vision after a period of distance fixation with spectacle wear","volume":"70","author":"Pesudovs","year":"1993","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200407000-00016","article-title":"Blur adaptation and myopia","volume":"81","author":"George","year":"2004","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000144743.34976.da","article-title":"Blur adaptation in myopes","volume":"81","author":"Rosenfield","year":"2004","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2932","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0836","article-title":"Effect of blur adaptation on blur sensitivity and discrimination in emmetropes and myopes","volume":"48","author":"Cufflin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12031","article-title":"The time course of blur adaptation in emmetropes and myopes","volume":"33","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12020","article-title":"Effect of blur and subsequent adaptation on visual acuity using letter and Landolt C charts: differences between emmetropes and myopes","volume":"33","author":"Poulere","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2016.09.017","article-title":"Neural adaptation to peripheral blur in myopes and emmetropes","volume":"132","author":"Ghosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.14.002355","article-title":"Contrast adaptation and the spatial structure of natural images","volume":"14","author":"Webster","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3408","article-title":"Synaptic mechanisms of adaptation and sensitization in the retina","volume":"16","author":"Nikolaev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.10.016","article-title":"Contrast adaptation induced by defocus \u2013 a possible error signal for emmetropization?","volume":"49","author":"Ohlendorf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2015.03.009","article-title":"Blur adaptation: contrast sensitivity changes and stimulus extent","volume":"110","author":"Venkataraman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/82888","article-title":"Spatial scale and cellular substrate of contrast adaptation by retinal ganglion cells","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523802195095","article-title":"Contrast adaptation in retinal and cortical evoked potentials: no adaptation to low spatial frequencies","volume":"19","author":"Heinrich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"bib32","first-page":"2721","article-title":"Contrast adaptation in human retina and cortex","volume":"42","author":"Heinrich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00028-5","article-title":"The push\u2013pull action of dopamine on spatial tuning of the monkey retina: the effects of dopaminergic deficiency and selective D1 and D2 receptor ligands on the pattern electroretinogram","volume":"38","author":"Bodis-Wollner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00005-X","article-title":"Long-term changes in retinal contrast sensitivity in chicks from frosted occluders and drugs: relations to myopia?","volume":"39","author":"Diether","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9359","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0711-12.2012","article-title":"Retinal dopamine mediates multiple dimensions of light-adapted vision","volume":"32","author":"Jackson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199905000-00018","article-title":"Blur sensitivity in myopes","volume":"76","author":"Rosenfield","year":"1999","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.1996.12.193","article-title":"Changes in eye growth produced by drugs which affect retinal ON or OFF responses to light","volume":"12","author":"Crewther","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200206120-00010","article-title":"Refractive compensation to optical defocus depends on the temporal profile of luminance modulation of the environment","volume":"13","author":"Crewther","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0643","article-title":"High susceptibility to experimental myopia in a mouse model with a retinal on pathway defect","volume":"49","author":"Pardue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.06.009","article-title":"ON pathway mutations increase susceptibility to form-deprivation myopia","volume":"137","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26471","article-title":"Probing the potency of artificial dynamic ON or OFF stimuli to inhibit myopia development","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28904-x","article-title":"Reading and myopia: contrast polarity matters","volume":"8","author":"Aleman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.13.5","article-title":"Retinal OFF pathway overstimulation leads to greater accommodation-induced choroidal thinning","volume":"62","author":"Hoseini-Yazdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1487232023","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1487-23.2023","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity of ON and OFF human retinal pathways in myopia","volume":"44","author":"Poudel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38192-9","article-title":"Impact of text contrast polarity on the retinal activity in myopes and emmetropes using modified pattern ERG","volume":"13","author":"Wagner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.489117","article-title":"ON and OFF receptive field processing in the presence of optical scattering","volume":"14","author":"Breher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109091","article-title":"ON than OFF pathway disruption leads to greater deficits in visual function and retinal dopamine signaling","volume":"220","author":"Aung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1990.127","article-title":"The influence of dopamine on spatial vision","volume":"4","author":"Harris","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000372","article-title":"Systematic evaluation of Levodopa effect on visual improvement in amblyopia: a meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.06.003","article-title":"Dopamine signaling and myopia development: what are the key challenges","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib51","first-page":"4315","article-title":"Decay of blur adaptation","volume":"44","author":"Rosenfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2013.05.004","article-title":"Visual acuity testing. From the laboratory to the clinic","volume":"90","author":"Bailey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200107000-00017","article-title":"Modeling logMAR visual acuity scores: effects of termination rules and alternative forced-choice options","volume":"78","author":"Carkeet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200008000-00008","article-title":"Repeatability and intercorrelations of standard vision tests as a function of age","volume":"77","author":"Lovie-Kitchin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-014-2876-z","article-title":"Repeatability of mesopic visual acuity measurements using high- and low-contrast ETDRS letter charts","volume":"253","author":"Barrio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1310442111","article-title":"Neuronal nonlinearity explains greater visual spatial resolution for darks than lights","volume":"111","author":"Kremkow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2015.03.010","article-title":"On-Off asymmetry in the perception of blur","volume":"120","author":"Sato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02737.2002","article-title":"Functional asymmetries in ON and OFF ganglion cells of primate retina","volume":"22","author":"Chichilnisky","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8477","article-title":"Effect of blur adaptation on human parafoveal vision","volume":"53","author":"Mankowska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/16.1.14","article-title":"On-off selectivity and asymmetry in apparent contrast: an adaptation study","volume":"16","author":"Sato","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3965","article-title":"Enhanced contrast sensitivity confirms active compensation in blur adaptation","volume":"51","author":"Rajeev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-07-02645.2003","article-title":"Different circuits for ON and OFF retinal ganglion cells cause different contrast sensitivities","volume":"23","author":"Zaghloul","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1672-22.2022","article-title":"Luminance contrast shifts dominance balance between ON and OFF pathways in human vision","volume":"43","author":"Rahimi-Nasrabadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108692","article-title":"Image luminance changes contrast sensitivity in visual cortex","volume":"34","author":"Rahimi-Nasrabadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28916","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28916","article-title":"Multiple cone pathways are involved in photic regulation of retinal dopamine","volume":"6","author":"Qiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28184","article-title":"Visual acuity and development of Parkinson's disease: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"35","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108026","article-title":"Light adaptation in the chick retina: dopamine, nitric oxide, and gap\u2013junction coupling modulate spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity","volume":"195","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689508999936","article-title":"Retinal dopamine and lens-induced refractive errors in chicks","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800012153","article-title":"Concentrations of biogenic amines in fundal layers in chickens with normal visual experience, deprivation, and after reserpine application","volume":"14","author":"Ohngemach","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108226","article-title":"Visual conditions affecting eye growth alter diurnal levels of vitreous DOPAC","volume":"200","author":"Nickla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1998.0590","article-title":"Interactions of spatial and luminance information in the retina of chickens during myopia development","volume":"68","author":"Feldkaemper","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.01.042","article-title":"Rod photoreceptor activation alone defines the release of dopamine in the retina","volume":"29","author":"P\u00e9rez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315373027-21","article-title":"Contrast adaptation","volume-title":"Handbook of Visual Optics","author":"Schaeffel","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2809216","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:01Z","timestamp":1791927121000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2809216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.66.9.29","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]}}}