{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:01:53Z","timestamp":1791928913800,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.9.5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T09:00:44Z","timestamp":1751446844000},"page":"5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evidence for M\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Muscarinic Receptor Antagonist Delay of Myopia Development Through Activation of Kir3.4 Channel in the Retina of Guinea Pigs"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology of Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guimei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology of Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology of Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology of Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runzhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology of Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huilan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology of Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suwen","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology of Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongsheng","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology of Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.5.5","article-title":"IMI pathologic myopia","volume":"62","author":"Ohno-Matsui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.05.029","article-title":"Low-concentration atropine for myopia progression (LAMP) study: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of 0.05%, 0.025%, and 0.01% atropine eye drops in myopia control","volume":"126","author":"Yam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.24162","article-title":"Effect of low-concentration atropine eyedrops vs placebo on myopia incidence in children: the LAMP2 randomized clinical trial","volume":"329","author":"Yam","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2024.2295","article-title":"0.01% Atropine eye drops in children with myopia and intermittent exotropia: the AMIXT randomized clinical trial","volume":"142","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib5","first-page":"1234","article-title":"Changes in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression in form deprivation myopia in guinea pigs","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0880","article-title":"Expression and function of muscarinic receptor subtypes on human cornea and conjunctiva","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23274-9","article-title":"Muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonists: effects on ocular function","volume":"208","author":"Mitchelson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4989","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094989","article-title":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the retina-therapeutic implications","volume":"22","author":"Ruan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib9","first-page":"1146","article-title":"Muscarinic cholinergic receptor (M2) plays a crucial role in the development of myopia in mice","volume":"6","author":"Barathi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"issue":"22","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14152","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.22.14152","article-title":"Two homologous phosphorylation domains differentially contribute to desensitization and internalization of the M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor","volume":"272","author":"Pals-Rylaarsdam","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"Pt C","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.11.024","article-title":"Regulation of neural ion channels by muscarinic receptors","volume":"136","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0224367","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224367","article-title":"The coupling of the M2 muscarinic receptor to its G protein is voltage dependent","volume":"14","author":"Ben-Chaim","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.2.560","article-title":"How photons start vision","volume":"93","author":"Baylor","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2020.108403","article-title":"Disrupted potassium ion homeostasis in ciliary muscle in negative lens-induced myopia in Guinea pigs","volume":"688","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib15","first-page":"484","article-title":"Dynamic changes of ocular biometric parameters: a modified form-deprivation myopia model of young guinea pigs","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0796","article-title":"Variable effects of previously untested muscarinic receptor antagonists on experimental myopia","volume":"44","author":"Luft","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13071045","article-title":"Molecular basis of transglutaminase-2 and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in experimental myopia: a target for myopia treatment","volume":"13","author":"Barathi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(91)90027-C","article-title":"Muscarinic antagonist effects on experimental chick myopia","volume":"52","author":"Stone","year":"1991","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.07.031","article-title":"Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: safety and efficacy of 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.01% doses (atropine for the treatment of myopia 2)","volume":"119","author":"Chia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.03.013","article-title":"Five-year clinical trial of the low-concentration atropine for myopia progression (LAMP) study: phase 4 report","volume":"131","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2015.06.014","article-title":"RPE and choroid mechanisms underlying ocular growth and myopia","volume":"134","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2015.11.006","article-title":"Ion channels in the eye: involvement in ocular pathologies","volume":"104","author":"Giblin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.7.1","article-title":"The mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel mediates mechanochemical transmission in myopic eyes","volume":"64","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib25","first-page":"1125","article-title":"Inwardly rectifying K+ currents in isolated human retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"37","author":"Hughes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00241-D","article-title":"A role for photoreceptor outer segments in the induction of deprivation myopia","volume":"35","author":"Liang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199905000-00022","article-title":"Cone receptor sensitivity is altered in form deprivation myopia in the chicken","volume":"76","author":"Westbrook","year":"1999","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(00)00004-5","article-title":"The role of photoreceptors in the control of refractive state","volume":"19","author":"Crewther","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1009","article-title":"Structural and elemental evidence for edema in the retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and choroid during recovery from experimentally induced myopia","volume":"45","author":"Liang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"42","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15663","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607241103","article-title":"Ionic control of ocular growth and refractive change","volume":"103","author":"Crewther","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"issue":"5","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1980.44.5.897","article-title":"Light-evoked changes in [K+]0 in retina of intact cat eye","volume":"44","author":"Steinberg","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.84.3.475","article-title":"Reaccumulation of [K+]o in the toad retina during maintained illumination","volume":"84","author":"Shimazaki","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.87.4.633","article-title":"Decline of electrogenic Na+\/K+ pump activity in rod photoreceptors during maintained illumination","volume":"87","author":"Shimazaki","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1017\/S095252389916615X","article-title":"Light-induced changes of extracellular ions and volume in the isolated chick retina-pigment epithelium preparation","volume":"16","author":"Dmitriev","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.03.022","article-title":"Impaired vitreous composition and retinal pigment epithelium function in the FoxG1::LRP2 myopic mice","volume":"1863","author":"Cases","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.6.31","article-title":"Mechanisms of ion transport across the mouse retinal pigment epithelium measured in vitro","volume":"61","author":"Skarphedinsdottir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790580","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.790580","article-title":"The changes of KCNQ5 expression and potassium microenvironment in the retina of myopic guinea pigs","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00011.2003","article-title":"Na+-K+ pump regulation and skeletal muscle contractility","volume":"83","author":"Clausen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1994.74.1.49","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of muscle fatigue","volume":"74","author":"Fitts","year":"1994","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273255","article-title":"Inwardly rectifying K(+) channels are major contributors to flow-induced vasodilatation in resistance arteries","volume":"595","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2015.05.009","article-title":"Localization and targeting of GIRK channels in mammalian central neurons","volume":"123","author":"Luj\u00e1n","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108951","article-title":"Activity-dependent somatodendritic dopamine release in the substantia nigra autoinhibits the releasing neuron","volume":"35","author":"Hikima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-5433","article-title":"Co-existence of myopia and amblyopia in a guinea pig model with monocular form deprivation","volume":"9","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80060-4","article-title":"Cloning of a Xenopus laevis inwardly rectifying K+ channel subunit that permits GIRK1 expression of IKACh currents in oocytes","volume":"16","author":"Hedin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(93)90027-B","article-title":"Muscarinic receptors\u2013characterization, coupling and function","volume":"58","author":"Caulfield","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"6-7","key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(98)00574-8","article-title":"Structure-function analysis of muscarinic receptors and their associated G proteins","volume":"64","author":"Kostenis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12052","article-title":"How does atropine exert its anti-myopia effects?","volume":"33","author":"McBrien","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00021.2009","article-title":"Inwardly rectifying potassium channels: their structure, function, and physiological roles","volume":"90","author":"Hibino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"bib18","first-page":"1022","article-title":"Muscarinic receptor subtypes","volume-title":"N Engl J Med","author":"Goyal","year":"1989"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2809178","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:06Z","timestamp":1791927126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2809178"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.66.9.5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]}}}