{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:02:09Z","timestamp":1791928929815,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.1.16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T13:30:36Z","timestamp":1767879036000},"page":"16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Does Not Enhance Perceptual Learning of Chinese Character Reading in Adults With Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Anqi","family":"Lyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie A.","family":"Mungalsingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew E.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamroz\u00e9","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tammy","family":"Labreche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan J.","family":"Leat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George C.","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen M. Y.","family":"Cheong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Research Centre for SHARP Vision, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"bib1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Reading performance and central field loss","volume":"15","author":"Kanonidou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hippokratia"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2008.12.003","article-title":"Psychophysical function in age-related maculopathy","volume":"54","author":"Neelam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"19","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00072-8","article-title":"Psychophysics of reading. XVIII. The effect of print size on reading speed in normal peripheral vision","volume":"38","author":"Chung","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/01658100902998732","article-title":"The role of eye movements during reading in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD)","volume":"33","author":"Rubin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroophthalmology"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200112000-00014","article-title":"Word acuity threshold as a function of contrast and retinal eccentricity","volume":"78","author":"Abdelnour","year":"2001","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.02.056","article-title":"Vision: two speeds in the retina","volume":"27","author":"Masland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100171","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100171","article-title":"Decreased fixation stability of the preferred retinal location in juvenile macular degeneration","volume":"9","author":"Bethlehem","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(91)90173-3","article-title":"Saccade control without a fovea","volume":"31","author":"Whittaker","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(00)00295-9","article-title":"Psychophysics of reading. XX. Linking letter recognition to reading speed in central and peripheral vision","volume":"41","author":"Legge","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.10.005","article-title":"Development of a training protocol to improve reading performance in peripheral vision","volume":"50","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2022.108119","article-title":"Effects of visual span on Chinese reading performance in normal peripheral vision","volume":"201","author":"Lyu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib12","first-page":"1270","article-title":"The effect of letter spacing on reading speed in central and peripheral vision","volume":"43","author":"Chung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200407000-00014","article-title":"Reading speed benefits from increased vertical word spacing in normal peripheral vision","volume":"81","author":"Chung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000002157","article-title":"Efficacy of perceptual learning in low vision: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib15","first-page":"239","article-title":"Non-invasive current stimulation in vision recovery: a review of the literature","volume":"38","author":"Perin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neuros"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119200","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1119200","article-title":"Can visual cortex non-invasive brain stimulation improve normal visual function? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Bello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.02.001","article-title":"tRNS boosts perceptual learning in peripheral vision","volume":"125","author":"Contemori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6826","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4926","article-title":"Incomplete cortical reorganization in macular degeneration","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6034","article-title":"Improving reading speed for people with central vision loss through perceptual learning","volume":"52","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2016.00107","article-title":"Rehabilitation approaches in macular degeneration patients","volume":"10","author":"Maniglia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.04.009","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying transcranial direct current stimulation in rehabilitation","volume":"58","author":"Roche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.08.016","article-title":"A differential effect of visual cortex tDCS on reading of English and Chinese in patients with central vision loss","volume":"15","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341307","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1341307","article-title":"Visual cortex anodal transcranial direct current stimulation does not alter reading performance for Chinese presented character-by-character to normal peripheral vision in older adults","volume":"18","author":"Lyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1080\/13506280344000077","article-title":"The role of learning experience on the perceptual organization of Chinese characters","volume":"10","author":"Yeh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vis Cogn"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1596","article-title":"Spatial configuration processing in visual word form perception and reading abilities in Chinese","volume":"24","author":"Kao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25780","article-title":"Perceptual learning of visual span improves Chinese reading speed","volume":"60","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.21.1.14","article-title":"Training to improve temporal processing of letters benefits reading speed for people with central vision loss","volume":"21","author":"Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000108","article-title":"Reading training with threshold stimuli in people with central vision loss: a feasibility study","volume":"91","author":"Tarita-Nistor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2010.02.006","article-title":"Reading speed in the peripheral visual field of older adults: does it benefit from perceptual learning?","volume":"50","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"6631","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/387401a0","article-title":"Task difficulty and the specificity of perceptual learning","volume":"387","author":"Ahissar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"25","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.08.017","article-title":"Learning to identify crowded letters: does it improve reading speed?","volume":"47","author":"Chung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"5777","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/287043a0","article-title":"Perceptual learning specific for orientation and spatial frequency","volume":"287","author":"Fiorentini","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.49.1.585","article-title":"Perceptual learning","volume":"49","author":"Goldstone","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-6-8","article-title":"Using non-invasive brain stimulation to augment motor training-induced plasticity","volume":"6","author":"Bolognini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.01.019","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation over the visual cortex facilitates awake consolidation of visual perceptual learning","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2022.11.016","article-title":"Posttraining anodal tDCS improves early consolidation of visual perceptual learning","volume":"146","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-013-0200-y","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances recovery of stereopsis in adults with amblyopia","volume":"10","author":"Spiegel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326435","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1326435","article-title":"tRNS boosts visual perceptual learning in participants with bilateral macular degeneration","volume":"16","author":"Contemori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib39","first-page":"697","article-title":"Perceptual learning leads to long lasting visual improvement in patients with central vision loss","volume":"34","author":"Maniglia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neuros"},{"issue":"23","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.07.010","article-title":"Relationship between slow visual processing and reading speed in people with macular degeneration","volume":"47","author":"Cheong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199502000-00011","article-title":"Reading and eye movements in age-related maculopathy","volume":"72","author":"Bullimore","year":"1995","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2004.00213.x","article-title":"Fixation stability and reading speed in patients with newly developed macular disease","volume":"24","author":"Crossland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib43","first-page":"125172","article-title":"Validation of a new Chinese reading-acuity chart for clinical research","volume":"89","author":"Cheong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4798","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24716","article-title":"Reading acuity as a predictor of low-vision reading performance","volume":"59","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199601000-00008","article-title":"The Freiburg Visual Acuity test\u2014automatic measurement of visual acuity","volume":"73","author":"Bach","year":"1996","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04328-9","article-title":"Effects of home reading training on reading and quality of life in AMD\u2014a randomized and controlled study","volume":"257","author":"Kaltenegger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.09.021","article-title":"Legibility of Chinese characters in peripheral vision and the top-down influences on crowding","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/14.8.6","article-title":"Effect of pattern complexity on the visual span for Chinese and alphabet characters","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1296","article-title":"Eye-movement training for reading in patients with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"46","author":"Seiple","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.11.021","article-title":"Learning letter identification in peripheral vision","volume":"45","author":"Chung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"19","key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00059-0","article-title":"Mechanisms of perceptual learning","volume":"39","author":"Dosher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.016","article-title":"Long-lasting improvement following tDCS treatment combined with a training for reading in children and adolescents with dyslexia","volume":"130","author":"Costanzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1167\/16.6.13","article-title":"Effect of tDCS on task relevant and irrelevant perceptual learning of complex objects","volume":"16","author":"Van Meel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"6758","key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/46027","article-title":"Signal but not noise changes with perceptual learning","volume":"402","author":"Gold","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4274\/tjo.galenos.2021.27985","article-title":"Fixation stability and preferred retinal locus in advanced age-related macular degeneration","volume":"52","author":"Altinbay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12048","article-title":"Relationship between fixation stability measured with MP-1 and reading performance","volume":"33","author":"Amore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.02.005","article-title":"Visual crowding: a fundamental limit on conscious perception and object recognition","volume":"15","author":"Whitney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2019.03.03","article-title":"Neuroanatomical substrates underlying contrast sensitivity","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quant Imag Med Surg"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.02.021","article-title":"Neural correlates of visual crowding","volume":"93","author":"Chicherov","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1167\/14.6.11","article-title":"Large crowding zones in peripheral vision for briefly presented stimuli","volume":"14","author":"Tripathy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-018-0181-4","article-title":"Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) mechanisms and its effects on cortical excitability and connectivity","volume":"41","author":"Reed","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Inherit Metab Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4347","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-1935","article-title":"Intersession repeatability of visual acuity scores in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"49","author":"Patel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12925","article-title":"Binocular visual function and fixational control in patients with macular disease: a review","volume":"42","author":"Sverdlichenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"28","key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.10.005","article-title":"Page mode reading with simulated scotomas: a modest effect of interline spacing on reading speed","volume":"47","author":"Bernard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.07.040","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of fixation patterns in eyes with central scotomas from geographic atrophy that is associated with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"140","author":"Sunness","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.11.022","article-title":"Relationship between visual span and reading performance in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"48","author":"Cheong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"bib46","first-page":"143","article-title":"The aligned rank transform for nonparametric factorial analyses using only ANOVA procedures","volume-title":"29th Annual Chi Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Wobbrock","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2811334","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:14Z","timestamp":1791927134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2811334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.67.1.16","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]}}}