{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:09:24Z","timestamp":1792422564704,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.1.19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T13:30:41Z","timestamp":1767879041000},"page":"19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Neuroretinal and Photoreceptor Layer Thickness Reduction Associates With Impaired Cardiovascular Health: The UK Biobank Study"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ka Wai","family":"Kam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Szeto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunny","family":"Au","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Tung Wah Eastern Hospital, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlene C.","family":"Yim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiujuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandy P. H.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Ip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvin","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi Pui","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Hong\u00a0Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Shantou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement C.","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Hong\u00a0Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Shantou, China"},{"name":"Hong\u00a0Kong Eye Hospital, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li Jia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Hong\u00a0Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Shantou, China"},{"name":"Hong\u00a0Kong Eye Hospital, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason C.","family":"Yam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Hong\u00a0Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong\u00a0Kong, Shantou, China"},{"name":"Hong\u00a0Kong Eye Hospital, Hong\u00a0Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e347","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001209","article-title":"2024 Heart disease and stroke statistics: a report of US and global data from the American Heart Association","volume":"149","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.0295","article-title":"Burden of cardiovascular diseases in China, 1990\u20132016: findings from the 2016 Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e027852","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.027852","article-title":"Burden, trends, and inequalities of heart failure globally, 1990 to 2019: a secondary analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001078","article-title":"Life's essential 8: updating and enhancing the American Heart Association's Construct of Cardiovascular Health: a Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association","volume":"146","author":"Lloyd-Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.319290","article-title":"Life's Essential 8, Genetic Susceptibility, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease: a prospective study","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e030764","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.030764","article-title":"Association of Life's Essential 8 with cardiovascular disease and mortality: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"12","author":"Rempakos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2024.156031","article-title":"Life's essential 8 and cardiovascular diseases progression among adults in the United Kingdom","volume":"162","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.01.021","article-title":"Association of Life's Essential 8 with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among US adults: a prospective cohort study from the NHANES 2005\u20132014","volume":"33","author":"Yi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105680","article-title":"Cardiovascular biomarkers: lessons of the past and prospects for the future","volume":"23","author":"Omran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2021.12.001","article-title":"The importance of healthy lifestyle behaviors in the prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"70","author":"Kaminsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14240","article-title":"High Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"75","author":"Fuchs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2011.11.003","article-title":"Age as a risk factor","volume":"96","author":"Dhingra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht023","article-title":"The eye and the heart","volume":"34","author":"Flammer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14050501","article-title":"Non-invasive retinal vessel analysis as a predictor for cardiovascular disease","volume":"14","author":"Iorga","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.189142","article-title":"Retinal microvasculature as a model to study the manifestations of hypertension","volume":"60","author":"Cheung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02728-7","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer thinning as a novel fingerprint for cardiovascular events: results from the prospective cohorts in UK and China","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.5935\/0004-2749.20210077","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer alterations in chronic heart failure patients","volume":"84","author":"Kanar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-018-0922-1","article-title":"Relationship of ideal cardiovascular health metrics with retinal vessel calibers and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness: a cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0189929","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189929","article-title":"Influence of cardiovascular condition on retinal and retinal nerve fiber layer measurements","volume":"12","author":"Garcia-Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001779","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","article-title":"UK Biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age","volume":"12","author":"Sudlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60924-6","article-title":"UK Biobank: bank on it","volume":"369","author":"Palmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2024.103066","article-title":"Life's essential 8 and risks of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among individuals with type 2 diabetes: a cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4475","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13405","article-title":"Cardiovascular health, infection burden, and incident dementia in the UK Biobank","volume":"19","author":"Beydoun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.4.63","article-title":"Associations of cardiovascular health and new-onset age-related macular diseases from UK Biobank","volume":"66","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21293","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.021293","article-title":"Automated layer segmentation of macular OCT images using dual-scale gradient information","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.07.033","article-title":"Associations with retinal pigment epithelium thickness measures in a large cohort: results from the UK Biobank","volume":"124","author":"Ko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.02.001","article-title":"Photoreceptor layer thinning is an early biomarker for age-related macular degeneration: epidemiologic and genetic evidence from UK Biobank OCT data","volume":"129","author":"Zekavat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.11.12","article-title":"Association of retinal nerve fiber layer thinning with elevated high density lipoprotein cholesterol in UK Biobank","volume":"65","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.11.009","article-title":"Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging in 67,321 adults: associations with macular thickness in the UK Biobank Study","volume":"123","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.015","article-title":"Comparison of associations with different macular inner retinal thickness parameters in a large cohort: the UK Biobank","volume":"127","author":"Khawaja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.07.006","article-title":"Association between intraocular pressure and rates of retinal nerve fiber layer loss measured by optical coherence tomography","volume":"123","author":"Diniz-Filho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-02298-7","article-title":"UK Biobank retinal imaging grading: methodology, baseline characteristics and findings for common ocular diseases","volume":"37","author":"Warwick","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1578","article-title":"Association of retinal nerve fiber layer thinning with current and future cognitive decline: a study using optical coherence tomography","volume":"75","author":"Ko","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55035-x","article-title":"Photoreceptor metabolic window unveils eye-body interactions","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadg4517","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adg4517","article-title":"Phenome- and genome-wide analyses of retinal optical coherence tomography images identify links between ocular and systemic health","volume":"16","author":"Zekavat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2014.330","article-title":"Macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease","volume":"29","author":"de Aguiar Remigio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0177277","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177277","article-title":"Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. A community-based, observational study","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V47N6p226","article-title":"Triple vessel coronary artery disease and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness","volume":"47","author":"Neoh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55846-9","article-title":"Association between localised retinal nerve fibre layer defects and cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"9","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hps081","article-title":"Localized retinal nerve fiber layer defects and arterial hypertension","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00507","article-title":"Neurodegenerative interplay of cardiovascular autonomic dysregulation and the retina in early multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"de Rodez Benavent","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2025.0630","article-title":"Cumulative Life's Essential 8 scores and cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"10","author":"Walker","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e036669","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.036669","article-title":"Predictive value of life's crucial 9 for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality: a prospective cohort study from the NHANES 2007 to 2018","volume":"13","author":"Ge","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01436-1","article-title":"Real-world feasibility, accuracy and acceptability of automated retinal photography and AI-based cardiovascular disease risk assessment in Australian primary care settings: a pragmatic trial","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-024-01491-4","article-title":"Cerebral hypoxia-induced molecular alterations and their impact on the physiology of neurons and dendritic spines: a comprehensive review","volume":"44","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.1.19","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:15Z","timestamp":1791927135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.1.19"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.67.1.19","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]}}}