{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:01:51Z","timestamp":1791928911912,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.1.58","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T13:30:50Z","timestamp":1769607050000},"page":"58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preserved Contrast Sensitivity in Early and Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Marked Loss in Late Stage: ALSTAR2"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Owsley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Gooden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy N.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason N.","family":"Crosson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"},{"name":"Retina Consultants of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Curcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Gerald","family":"McGwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MiYoung","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/16.6.18","article-title":"Evaluating the performance of the quick CSF method in detecting contrast sensitivity function changes","volume":"16","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vision"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/10.3.17","article-title":"Bayesian adaptive estimation of the contrast sensitivity function: the quick CSF method","volume":"10","author":"Lesmes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vision"},{"key":"bib3","first-page":"4","article-title":"Comparison of three types of test target for measurement of visual acuity","volume":"8","author":"Sloan","year":"1952","journal-title":"Q Rev Ophthalmol Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-023-06291-y","article-title":"Test-retest repeatability and agreement of the quantiative contrast sensitivity function test: towards the validation of a new clinical method","volume":"262","author":"Finn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1977.tb06128.x","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity in macular disease: a preliminary report","volume":"55","author":"Sjostrand","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1979.tb01851.x","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity in macular disease using a small-field and a large-field tv-system","volume":"57","author":"Sjostrand","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1159\/000310612","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity evaluation in eyes predisposed to age-related macular degeneration and presenting normal visual acuity","volume":"209","author":"Stangos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"bib8","first-page":"469","article-title":"Macular function impairment in eyes with early age-related macular degeneration","volume":"38","author":"Midena","year":"1997","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2020.1793371","article-title":"Simple vision function tests that distinguish eyes with early to intermediate age-related macular degeneration","volume":"28","author":"Lott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.7.17","article-title":"How vision is impaired from aging to early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration: insights from ALSTAR2 baseline","volume":"11","author":"Owsley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.2113","article-title":"Repeatability and discriminatory power of chart-based visual function tests in individuals with age-related macular degeneration. A MACUSTAR Study Report","volume":"140","author":"Dunbar","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.08.051","article-title":"Importance of screening for contrast sensitivity, falls, and mobility limitations in older adults with maculopathy","volume":"280","author":"Agathos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.01.017","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity function in AMD. Normal- and low-luminance automated quantitative contrast sensitivity assessment in eyes with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"226","author":"Ou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.11.006","article-title":"Associations between contrast sensitivity, optical coherence tomography features and progression from intermediate to late age-related macular degeneration","volume":"271","author":"Bennett","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132768","article-title":"Measuring the contrast sensitivity function in non-neovascular and neovascular age-related macular degeneration: the quantitative contrast sensitivity function test","volume":"10","author":"Vingopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.14.7","article-title":"Evaluating contrast sensitivity in early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration with the quick contrast sensitivity function","volume":"64","author":"Anders","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(83)90210-9","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity throughout adulthood","volume":"23","author":"Owsley","year":"1983","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701366","article-title":"Effects of cataract type and location on visual function: the blue mountains eye study","volume":"18","author":"Chua","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S367490","article-title":"Active learning to characterize the full contrast sensitivity function in cataracts","volume":"16","author":"Vingopoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01467-0","article-title":"Functionally validated imaging endpoints in the Alabama study on early age-related macular degeneration 2 (ALSTAR2): design and methods","volume":"20","author":"Curcio","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.11.1484","article-title":"The Age-Related Eye Disease Study severity scale for age-related macular degeneration. AREDS Report No. 17","volume":"123","author":"Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.05.001","article-title":"Hyperreflective foci and specks are associated with delayed rod-mediated dark adaptation in nonneovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"4","author":"Echols","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.13.42","article-title":"Total retinal pigment epithelium thickness and reflectivity, in relation to histology and vision, at the aging-AMD transition: ALSTAR2 baseline","volume":"66","author":"Habibi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.08.038","article-title":"Hypertransmission and vision in aging and age-related macular degeneration: longitudinal data from ALSTAR2","volume":"280","author":"Johnston","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Opthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.8.40","article-title":"Choricapillaris impairment, visual function, and distance to fovea in aging and age-related macular degeneration: ALSTAR2 baseline","volume":"65","author":"Kar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01825-1","article-title":"A computerized method of visual acuity testing: adaptation of the early treatment of diabetic retinopathy study testing protocol","volume":"135","author":"Beck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.036","article-title":"Clinical classification of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"120","author":"Ferris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.09.041","article-title":"Delayed rod-mediated dark adaptation is a functional biomarker for incident early age-related macular degeneration","volume":"123","author":"Owsley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.10.037","article-title":"The ARMS2 A69S polymorphism is associated with delayed rod-mediated dark adaptation in eyes at risk for incident age-related macular degeneration","volume":"126","author":"Mullins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.9.50","article-title":"Genetic associations of rod- and cone-mediated vision in aging and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"66","author":"Curcio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108266","article-title":"The spatial contrast sensitivity function and its neurophysiological bases","volume":"210","author":"Zemon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"bib33","first-page":"187","article-title":"The design of a new letter chart for measuring contrast sensitivity","volume":"2","author":"Pelli","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1198","article-title":"Improving the design of the letter contrast sensitivity test","volume":"46","author":"Arditi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.04.013","article-title":"Vision screening for motor vehicle collision involvement among older drivers","volume":"129","author":"McGwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.6.774","article-title":"How does visual impairment affect performance on tasks of everyday life? The SEE Project","volume":"120","author":"West","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-024-03683-4","article-title":"Time instrumental activities of daily living tasks in adults with irreversible vision impairment: validation to visual function and self-report","volume":"24","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib27","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.1.58","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:22Z","timestamp":1791927142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.1.58"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.67.1.58","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]}}}