{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:02:12Z","timestamp":1791928932490,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":218,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.10.14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T12:30:38Z","timestamp":1786019438000},"page":"14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring Endotoxemia in Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Glaucoma, and Diabetic Retinopathy"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Petra Pei","family":"Larsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgane","family":"Linard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Schweitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France"},{"name":"CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-No\u00eblle","family":"Delyfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France"},{"name":"CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Bordeaux, France"},{"name":"FRCRnet, F-CRIN network, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Korobelnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France"},{"name":"CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Helmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Delcourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France"},{"name":"FRCRnet, F-CRIN network, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2009.06.002","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide: biosynthetic pathway and structure modification","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1004","article-title":"Innate immune sensing and its roots: the story of endotoxin","volume":"3","author":"Beutler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1564-7","article-title":"The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib4","first-page":"69","article-title":"Detoxifying endotoxin: time, place and person","volume":"11","author":"Munford","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Endotoxin Res"},{"issue":"22","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16185","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216185","article-title":"Endotoxic septic shock: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"24","author":"Foster","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00680","article-title":"Innate immune programing by endotoxin and its pathological consequences","volume":"5","author":"Morris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1086\/422254","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic implications of endotoxemia in critical illness: results of the MEDIC study","volume":"190","author":"Marshall","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2021.06.001","article-title":"The \u2018cytokine storm\u2019: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic prospects","volume":"42","author":"Karki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1491","article-title":"Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"56","author":"Cani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3390\/immuno2030030","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced immunological tolerance in monocyte-derived dendritic cells","volume":"2","author":"Mbongue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immuno"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594150","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.594150","article-title":"Role of metabolic endotoxemia in systemic inflammation and potential interventions","volume":"11","author":"Mohammad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.01.050","article-title":"ROCK-isoform-specific polarization of macrophages associated with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"10","author":"Zandi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e159757","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI159757","article-title":"Early-life peripheral infections reprogram retinal microglia and aggravate neovascular age-related macular degeneration in later life","volume":"133","author":"Hata","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2015.06.020","article-title":"Metabolic endotoxemia with obesity: is it real and is it relevant?","volume":"124","author":"Boutagy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"issue":"7484","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","article-title":"Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome","volume":"505","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"23","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00493.x","article-title":"Defining the human microbiome","volume":"70","author":"Ursell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325021","article-title":"Cigarette smoke promotes colorectal cancer through modulation of gut microbiota and related metabolites","volume":"71","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"S19","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-008-2266-6","article-title":"Intestinal permeability in the pathogenesis of NSAID-induced enteropathy","volume":"44","author":"Bjarnason","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.165886","article-title":"Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability","volume":"58","author":"Cani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"6 Suppl.","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02418.x","article-title":"Kupffer cell sensitization by alcohol involves increased permeability to gut-derived endotoxin","volume":"25","author":"Enomoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02863-1","article-title":"Cross-talks between gut microbiota and tobacco smoking: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"21","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-020-01735-9","article-title":"Radiotherapy and the gut microbiome: facts and fiction","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1268","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00014.2008","article-title":"Role of TNF-a in ileum tight junction alteration in mouse model of restraint stress","volume":"294","author":"Mazzon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32205","article-title":"Microbial translocation augments the function of adoptively transferred self\/tumor-specific CD8+ T cells via TLR4 signaling","volume":"117","author":"Paulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3RI0620-405RR","article-title":"Age-related changes in intestinal immunity and the microbiome","volume":"109","author":"Walrath","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1403","article-title":"Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic diet\u2013induced obesity and diabetes in mice","volume":"57","author":"Cani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.12.009","article-title":"Metabolic endotoxemia and diabetes mellitus: a systematic review","volume":"68","author":"Gomes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7468","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64449-8","article-title":"Invasion of human retinal pigment epithelial cells by porphyromonas gingivalis leading to vacuolar\/cytosolic localization and autophagy dysfunction in-vitro","volume":"10","author":"Arjunan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuw007","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide modification in gram-negative bacteria during chronic infection","volume":"40","author":"Maldonado","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.1995.tb00464.x","article-title":"Plasma endotoxin concentrations in patients with urinary tract infections","volume":"2","author":"Goto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100170603","article-title":"Measurement and removal of adherent endotoxin from titanium particles and implant surfaces","volume":"17","author":"Ragab","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/mew036","article-title":"Endotoxin in size-separated metal working fluid aerosol particles","volume":"60","author":"Dahlman-H\u00f6glund","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"issue":"149","key":"bib33","first-page":"59999","article-title":"Inducing acute lung injury in mice by direct intratracheal lipopolysaccharide instillation","author":"Ehrentraut","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2012.12.020","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rats: comparative assessment of intratracheal instillation and aerosol inhalation","volume":"304","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703166","article-title":"The role of lipopolysaccharide injected systemically in the reactivation of collagen-induced arthritis in mice","volume":"129","author":"Yoshino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6242","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126242","article-title":"Interaction between lipopolysaccharide and gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"22","author":"Candelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.158","article-title":"Does lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammation have a role in OA?","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"7405","key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11225","article-title":"Dietary-fat-induced taurocholic acid promotes pathobiont expansion and colitis in Il10-\/- mice","volume":"487","author":"Devkota","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316723","article-title":"Human gut microbiome: hopes, threats and promises","volume":"67","author":"Cani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"33","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12511","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601056103","article-title":"Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice","volume":"103","author":"Dumas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2197","article-title":"Bacterial endotoxin activity in human serum is associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, obesity, and chronic inflammation","volume":"34","author":"Lassenius","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1676","article-title":"Endotoxemia is associated with an increased risk of incident diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Pussinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7122","key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05414","article-title":"An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest","volume":"444","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2009.112","article-title":"Interactions between gut microbiota, host genetics and diet relevant to development of metabolic syndromes in mice","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770986","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.770986","article-title":"Endotoxins and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"12","author":"Kessoku","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000147534.69062.dc","article-title":"Potential role of endotoxin as a proinflammatory mediator of atherosclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Stoll","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"7341","key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09922","article-title":"Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease","volume":"472","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00448-9","article-title":"Association of endotoxemia with carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease","volume":"34","author":"Wiedermann","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020267","article-title":"Endotoxemia and gastrointestinal cancers: insight into the mechanisms underlying a dangerous relationship","volume":"11","author":"Manilla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"20","key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5113","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15205113","article-title":"Endotoxin tolerance creates favourable conditions for cancer development","volume":"15","author":"Roy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2008.12.001","article-title":"Bacterial endotoxin activates retinal pigment epithelial cells and induces their degeneration through IL-6 and IL-8 autocrine signaling","volume":"46","author":"Leung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-022-02296-z","article-title":"The role of lipopolysaccharides in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"22","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"14","key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.14.47","article-title":"Association of age-related macular degeneration with a blood biomarker of lipopolysaccharide, a gut bacterial proinflammatory toxin","volume":"64","author":"Larsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0136175","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136175","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide promotes choroidal neovascularization by up-regulation of CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression in choroid endothelial cell","volume":"10","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2022.2147547","article-title":"Systemic lipopolysaccharide exposure exacerbates choroidal neovascularization in mice","volume":"32","author":"Tsioti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16330","article-title":"The blood\u2013retina barrier in health and disease","volume":"290","author":"O'Leary","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-023-00383-3","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4): new insight immune and aging","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.01.006","article-title":"LPS\/TLR4 signal transduction pathway","volume":"42","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.5.2627","article-title":"Complement factor B gene regulation: synergistic effects of TNF-a and IFN-? in macrophages","volume":"169","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0809588","article-title":"Pivotal advance: the pattern recognition receptor ligands lipopolysaccharide and polyinosine-polycytidylic acid stimulate factor B synthesis by the macrophage through distinct but overlapping mechanisms","volume":"88","author":"Kaczorowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24705470221076390","DOI":"10.1177\/24705470221076390","article-title":"The role of lipopolysaccharide-induced cell signalling in chronic inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Page","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks)"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0168-x","article-title":"New insights into the immune functions of complement","volume":"19","author":"Reis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-12-063636","article-title":"Regulation of Toll-like receptor\u2013mediated inflammatory response by complement in vivo","volume":"110","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5633","key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1087262","article-title":"Role of adaptor TRIF in the MyD88-independent Toll-like receptor signaling pathway","volume":"301","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4669","article-title":"Molecular response of chorioretinal endothelial cells to complement injury: implications for macular degeneration","volume":"238","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00257","article-title":"Complement system part II: role in immunity","volume":"6","author":"Merle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"52","key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31189","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.671180","article-title":"Complement component C5a primes retinal pigment epithelial cells for inflammasome activation by lipofuscin-mediated photooxidative damage","volume":"290","author":"Brandstetter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M307657200","article-title":"NADPH oxidase mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity and proinflammatory gene expression in activated microglia","volume":"279","author":"Qin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2020.02.006","article-title":"Complement membrane attack complex","volume":"190","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1159\/000480455","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 regulates occludin and zonula occludens 1 to reduce retinal permeability both in vitro and in vivo","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vasc Res"},{"key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90905","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.90905","article-title":"Sustained inflammation after pericyte depletion induces irreversible blood-retina barrier breakdown","volume":"2","author":"Ogura","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15296","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15296","article-title":"Plastic roles of pericytes in the blood\u2013retinal barrier","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/iep.12495","article-title":"Interaction between mitochondrial homeostasis and barrier function in lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial cell injury","volume":"104","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Exp Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02712-1","article-title":"Endothelial Toll-like receptor 4 is required for microglia activation in the murine retina after systemic lipopolysaccharide exposure","volume":"20","author":"Tsioti","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.08.005","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tight permeability is mediated by Toll-like receptor 4\/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) activation of myosin light chain kinase expression","volume":"187","author":"Nighot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.12.016","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced increase in intestinal permeability is mediated by TAK-1 activation of IKK and MLCK\/MYLK gene","volume":"189","author":"Nighot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8191","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12428","article-title":"Modulation of retinal M\u00fcller cells by complement receptor C5aR","volume":"54","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1373-4","article-title":"Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibition prevents disruption of the blood-retina barrier during chronic inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Kokona","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01778","article-title":"Bruch's membrane compartmentalizes complement regulation in the eye with implications for therapeutic design in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"8","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12082870","article-title":"Bruch's membrane: a key consideration with complement-based therapies for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"12","author":"Hammadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2025.08.019","article-title":"The role of microglia and complement C5\/C5a in the pathogenesis of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with choroidal detachment","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0355-x","article-title":"Systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide aggravates inherited retinal dystrophy","volume":"9","author":"Noailles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"bib83","first-page":"1588","article-title":"Complement gene expression and regulation in mouse retina and retinal pigment epithelium\/choroid","volume":"17","author":"Luo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700366","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide signaling in endothelial cells","volume":"86","author":"Dauphinee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425913509291","article-title":"Augmentation of LPS-induced vascular endothelial cell growth factor production in macrophages by transforming growth factor-\u00df1","volume":"20","author":"Koide","year":"2014","journal-title":"Innate Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-024-09911-1","article-title":"Microglia in retinal angiogenesis and diabetic retinopathy","volume":"27","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70583-5","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelial cell count, distribution, and correlations in normal human eyes","volume":"121","author":"Panda-Jonas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.07.003","article-title":"Aging is not a disease: distinguishing age-related macular degeneration from aging","volume":"37","author":"Ardeljan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4613","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14633","article-title":"Mitochondrial oxidative stress in the retinal pigment epithelium leads to localized retinal degeneration","volume":"55","author":"Mao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(03)00093-7","article-title":"The aging of the retina","volume":"38","author":"Bonnel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010110","article-title":"The role of microglia in diabetic retinopathy: inflammation, microvasculature defects and neurodegeneration","volume":"19","author":"Altmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03033","article-title":"Single eye mRNA-seq reveals normalisation of the retinal microglial transcriptome following acute inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Bell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108214","article-title":"Effect of long-term inflammation on viability and function of RPE cells","volume":"200","author":"Klettner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00265-2","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"7","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2147-8","article-title":"Inflammation and its role in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"73","author":"Kauppinen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5824","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6357","article-title":"The role of TLR4 activation in photoreceptor mitochondrial oxidative stress","volume":"52","author":"Ko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101779","article-title":"Oxidative stress in the light-exposed retina and its implication in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"37","author":"Ozawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00582-2","article-title":"Photocytotoxicity of lipofuscin in human retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"31","author":"Davies","year":"2001","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3037","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093037","article-title":"A comprehensive proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of retinal pigment epithelium reveals multiple pathway alterations in response to the inflammatory stimuli","volume":"21","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4694","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4464","article-title":"Choroidal neovascularization enhanced by Chlamydia pneumoniae via Toll-like receptor 2 in the retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"51","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39890","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039890","article-title":"Low-dose lipopolysaccharide pretreatment suppresses choroidal neovascularization via IL-10 induction","volume":"7","author":"Matsumura","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22605","article-title":"Induction of ocular complement activation by inflammatory stimuli and intraocular inhibition of complement factor D in animal models","volume":"59","author":"Crowley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12511","article-title":"Hypersensitivity toward bacterial stimuli in patients with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"issue":"10414","key":"bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01289-8","article-title":"Glaucoma: now and beyond","volume":"402","author":"Jayaram","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-173","article-title":"Adaptive M\u00fcller cell responses to microglial activation mediate neuroprotection and coordinate inflammation in the retina","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161723","article-title":"Inflamed in vitro retina: cytotoxic neuroinflammation and galectin-3 expression","volume":"11","author":"Bauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.02.002","article-title":"Retinal neuroinflammatory induced neuronal degeneration - role of toll-like receptor-4 and relationship with gliosis","volume":"169","author":"Ghosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120400","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1120400","article-title":"LPS-stimulated microglial cells promote ganglion cell death in organotypic cultures of quail embryo retina","volume":"17","author":"Sierra-Mart\u00edn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2017.141","article-title":"Necroptosis in microglia contributes to neuroinflammation and retinal degeneration through TLR4 activation","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e104416","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104416","article-title":"Oral microbiome link to neurodegeneration in glaucoma","volume":"9","author":"Astafurov","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100610","article-title":"Association of lipopolysaccharide-type endotoxins with retinal neurodegeneration: the Alienor study","volume":"5","author":"Larsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-017-3610-4","article-title":"Association of Toll-like receptor 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile with the risk of primary open angle glaucoma","volume":"255","author":"Navarro-Partida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01000","article-title":"Regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway by polyphenols in the treatment of age-linked neurodegenerative diseases: focus on TLR4 signaling","volume":"10","author":"Azam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04085.x","article-title":"Highly purified lipoteichoic acid induced pro-inflammatory signalling in primary culture of rat microglia through Toll-like receptor 2: selective potentiation of nitric oxide production by muramyl dipeptide","volume":"99","author":"Kinsner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092293","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation as a bridge to understand neurodegeneration","volume":"20","author":"Batista","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-2-20","article-title":"Activation of microglial NADPH oxidase is synergistic with glial iNOS expression in inducing neuronal death: a dual-key mechanism of inflammatory neurodegeneration","volume":"2","author":"Mander","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20285","article-title":"Nitric oxide from inflammatory-activated glia synergizes with hypoxia to induce neuronal death","volume":"79","author":"Mander","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"6286","key":"bib118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad8373","article-title":"Complement and microglia mediate early synapse loss in Alzheimer mouse models","volume":"352","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.01.010","article-title":"Synapse loss and microglial activation precede tangles in a P301S tauopathy mouse model","volume":"53","author":"Yoshiyama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"25","key":"bib120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8546","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5002-13.2014","article-title":"Neurodegeneration by activation of the microglial complement-phagosome pathway","volume":"34","author":"Bodea","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12119","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes in developing and developed countries","volume":"30","author":"Ruta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.04.027","article-title":"Global prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and projection of burden through 2045","volume":"128","author":"Teo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580701396720","article-title":"Overview of epidemiologic studies of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"14","author":"Klein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1909","article-title":"Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"35","author":"Yau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"bib125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077669","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1077669","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy: looking forward to 2030","volume":"13","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00475-5","article-title":"Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales","volume":"110","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62124-3","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy","volume":"376","author":"Cheung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v2.i6.98","article-title":"Managing diabetic macular edema: the leading cause of diabetes blindness","volume":"2","author":"Romero-Aroca","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1111","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the United States, 2005\u20132008","volume":"304","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13480","article-title":"Update in the epidemiology, risk factors, screening, and treatment of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21873","article-title":"Approach for a clinically useful comprehensive classification of vascular and neural aspects of diabetic retinal disease","volume":"59","author":"Abramoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2017.03.003","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy is a neurodegenerative disorder","volume":"139","author":"Lynch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.2536","article-title":"Diabetic retinal neurodegeneration\u2014should we redefine retinopathy from diabetes?","volume":"137","author":"Sohn","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"19","key":"bib134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2655","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1522014113","article-title":"Retinal neurodegeneration may precede microvascular changes characteristic of diabetic retinopathy in diabetes mellitus","volume":"113","author":"Sohn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000442826","article-title":"Early neurodegeneration of the inner retinal layers in type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"235","author":"Gundogan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-1453","article-title":"Functional and structural findings of neurodegeneration in early stages of diabetic retinopathy: cross-sectional analyses of baseline data of the EUROCONDOR project","volume":"66","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.31.1541","article-title":"Dexamethasone inhibits leukocyte accumulation and vascular permeability in retina of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats via reducing vascular endothelial growth factor and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0905","article-title":"Intravitreal injection of corticosteroid attenuates leukostasis and vascular leakage in experimental diabetic retina","volume":"46","author":"Tamura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-3042.2001.00740.x","article-title":"Hydrocortisone decreases retinal endothelial cell water and solute flux coincident with increased content and decreased phosphorylation of occludin","volume":"80","author":"Antonetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000458539","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of diabetic macular edema by the European Society of Retina Specialists (EURETINA)","volume":"237","author":"Schmidt-Erfurth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63983","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063983","article-title":"Effect of lipopolysaccharide on inflammation and insulin action in human muscle.","volume":"8","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20251274","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2025-1274","article-title":"Petunidin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced retinal microglia inflammatory response in diabetic retinopathy by targeting OGT\/NF-?B\/LCN2 axis","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Med (Wars)"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0886-z","article-title":"Microglia enhanced the angiogenesis, migration and proliferation of co-cultured RMECs","volume":"18","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"20","key":"bib144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11307","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011307","article-title":"Proliferative diabetic retinopathy microenvironment drives microglial polarization and promotes angiogenesis and fibrosis via cyclooxygenase-2\/prostaglandin E2 signaling","volume":"25","author":"Kishishita","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-303201","article-title":"Influence of endotoxin-mediated retinal inflammation on phenotype of diabetic retinopathy in Ins2 Akita mice","volume":"97","author":"Vagaja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130735","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1130735","article-title":"Pharmacological depletion of microglia alleviates neuronal and vascular damage in the diabetic CX3CR1-WT retina but not in CX3CR1-KO or hCX3CR1I249\/M280-expressing retina","volume":"14","author":"Church","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.05.024","article-title":"Modulation of microglia polarization dynamics during diabetic retinopathy in db \/db mice","volume":"1862","author":"Arroba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-316202","article-title":"Bacterial infections as novel risk factors of severe diabetic retinopathy in individuals with type 1 diabetes","volume":"105","author":"Simonsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.4.478","article-title":"Serological association between Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"121","author":"Kalayoglu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.5.523","article-title":"Is Chlamydia pneumoniae infection a risk factor for age related macular degeneration?","volume":"87","author":"Ishida","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100668","article-title":"Could infectious agents play a role in the onset of age-related macular degeneration? A scoping review","volume":"5","author":"Larsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2012.726393","article-title":"Detection of chlamydia and complement factors in neovascular membranes of patients with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"21","author":"Wolf-Schnurrbusch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-005-1169-y","article-title":"Identification of Chlamydia pneumoniae within human choroidal neovascular membranes secondary to age-related macular degeneration","volume":"243","author":"Kalayoglu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00598-4","article-title":"Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and glaucoma","volume":"108","author":"Kountouras","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.11.1237","article-title":"Eradication of Helicobacter pylori may be beneficial in the management of chronic open-angle glaucoma","volume":"162","author":"Kountouras","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00093-9","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk for open-angle glaucoma","volume":"110","author":"Galloway","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5238","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17059","article-title":"The relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and open-angle glaucoma: a meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8060894","article-title":"Association between active Helicobacter pylori infection and glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Doulberis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-023-03111-z","article-title":"Association between helicobacter pylori infection and primary open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Ezzati Amini","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2023.101221","article-title":"The role of the microbiota in glaucoma","volume":"94","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000465","article-title":"The role of the intestinal microbiome in ocular inflammatory disease","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111677","article-title":"The role of diet, micronutrients and the gut microbiota in age-related macular degeneration: new perspectives from the gut\u2013retina axis","volume":"10","author":"Rinninella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"22","key":"bib163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4472","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1702302114","article-title":"Involvement of a gut-retina axis in protection against dietary glycemia-induced age-related macular degeneration","volume":"114","author":"Rowan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"bib164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.01.001","article-title":"Epigenetics, microbiota, and intraocular inflammation: new paradigms of immune regulation in the eye","volume":"64","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370218813616","article-title":"The microbiome and ophthalmic disease","volume":"244","author":"Baim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13493","article-title":"Importance of the intestinal microbiota in ocular inflammatory diseases: a review","volume":"47","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.3390\/md17060374","article-title":"Effects of fish n-3 PUFAs on intestinal microbiota and immune system","volume":"17","author":"Parolini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-020-00278-2","article-title":"The gut\u2013eye axis: lessons learned from murine models","volume":"9","author":"Floyd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-020-00257-5","article-title":"Do epigenetic changes caused by commensal microbiota contribute to development of ocular disease? A review of evidence","volume":"14","author":"Nayyar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Genomics"},{"issue":"20","key":"bib170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4694","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10204694","article-title":"A review of the impact of alterations in gut microbiome on the immunopathogenesis of ocular diseases","volume":"10","author":"Bu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1159\/000519457","article-title":"Gut microbes and eye disease","volume":"65","author":"Donabedian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10102072","article-title":"A review of the role of the intestinal microbiota in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.1925150","article-title":"Influence of gut microbiota on eye diseases: an overview","volume":"53","author":"Napolitano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"January","key":"bib174","first-page":"726792","article-title":"Gut microbiome in retina health: the crucial role of the gut-retina axis","volume":"12","author":"Scuderi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1362_20","article-title":"A systematic review of gut microbiome and ocular inflammatory diseases: are they associated?","volume":"69","author":"Shivaji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759333","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.759333","article-title":"Microbiota and ocular diseases","volume":"11","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1159\/000515026","article-title":"The role of the microbiome in age-related macular degeneration: a review of the literature","volume":"244","author":"Zisimopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"July 2021","key":"bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108867","article-title":"The gut microbiota in retinal diseases","volume":"214","author":"Bringer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"40","key":"bib179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6141","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867329666220511142817","article-title":"Association of nutrients, specific dietary patterns, and probiotics with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"29","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1159\/000524942","article-title":"Pathophysiology of age-related macular degeneration. implications for treatment","volume":"65","author":"Garcia-Garcia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"bib181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109216","article-title":"Inside out: relations between the microbiome, nutrition, and eye health","volume":"224","author":"Grant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib182","first-page":"e66808","article-title":"The relationship between gut microbiome and ophthalmologic diseases: a comprehensive review","volume":"16","author":"Lima Barrientos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2021.11.009","article-title":"Gut microbiota and age-related macular degeneration: a growing partnership","volume":"67","author":"Lima-Fontes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000836","article-title":"Gut microbiome and retinal diseases: an updated review","volume":"33","author":"Nadeem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914457","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.914457","article-title":"Vitamin A, systemic T-cells, and the eye: focus on degenerative retinal disease","volume":"9","author":"Thirunavukarasu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11132076","article-title":"High-fat diet alters the retinal pigment epithelium and choroidal transcriptome in the absence of gut microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"bib187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2022.101117","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiome in eye diseases","volume":"92","author":"Zysset-Burri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2020.1845330","article-title":"Eye on the enigmatic link: dysbiotic oral pathogens in ocular diseases; the flip side","volume":"40","author":"Arjunan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28925","article-title":"Infectious agents as potential drivers of a-synucleinopathies","volume":"37","author":"Linard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"bib190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40826","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40826","article-title":"Association of the intestinal microbiome with the development of neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"7","author":"Zinkernagel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069325","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1069325","article-title":"Alterations of the intestinal microbiota in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/s41525-020-00141-0","article-title":"Associations of the intestinal microbiome with the complement system in neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"5","author":"Zysset-Burri","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Genom Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41525-026-00550-7","article-title":"Linking the microbiome to the complement system in geographic atrophy","volume":"11","author":"Sp\u00f6rri","year":"2026","journal-title":"NPJ Genom Med"},{"key":"bib194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2024.109788","article-title":"Causal relationships between gut microbiota and primary open-angle glaucoma: a mendelian randomization and mediation analysis of glaucoma endophenotypes","volume":"240","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.107921","article-title":"Gut microbiota compositional profile and serum metabolic phenotype in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"191","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000465","article-title":"A pilot study to evaluate the oral microbiome and dental health in primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"26","author":"Polla","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.1002\/mef2.28","article-title":"Dysbiosis of gut microbiome contributes to glaucoma pathogenesis","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"MedComm Futur Med"},{"key":"bib198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926926","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.926926","article-title":"Composition and diversity of gut microbiota in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"13","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2738","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82538-0","article-title":"Alterations in the gut bacterial microbiome in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy","volume":"11","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646348","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.646348","article-title":"Dysbiosis and implication of the gut microbiota in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.7.19","article-title":"Association between gut microbial abundance and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy","volume":"62","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943325","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.943325","article-title":"Metagenomic shotgun sequencing and metabolomic profiling identify specific human gut microbiota associated with diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"bib203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.01.025","article-title":"Screening and identification of gut anaerobes (Bacteroidetes) from human diabetic stool samples with and without retinopathy in comparison to control subjects","volume":"129","author":"Moubayed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbial Pathogenesis"},{"key":"bib204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667632","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.667632","article-title":"Alterations of the gut microbiome and metabolome in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"12","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"bib205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732204","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.732204","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition and fecal metabolic profiling in patients with diabetic retinopathy","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.3390\/life13040968","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis in diabetic retinopathy\u2014current knowledge and future therapeutic targets","volume":"13","author":"Serban","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00939-07","article-title":"Sensing Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides: a human disease determinant?","volume":"76","author":"Munford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01056-1","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa: pathogenesis, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, interaction with host, technology advances and emerging therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sig Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"24","key":"bib209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197012102832404","article-title":"Detection of endotoxin in the blood of patients with sepsis due to gram-negative bacteria","volume":"283","author":"Levin","year":"1970","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340051119","article-title":"The detection and interpretation of endotoxaemia","volume":"26","author":"Cohen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3RU0316-151R","article-title":"Endotoxemia-menace, marker, or mistake?","volume":"100","author":"Munford","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7799(01)01694-8","article-title":"A new era in pyrogen testing","volume":"19","author":"Ding","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20264","article-title":"Recombinant factor C assay for measuring endotoxin in house dust: comparison with LAL, and (1 ? 3)-\u00df- D -glucans","volume":"49","author":"Alwis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"bib214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.26.1.42-48.1979","article-title":"Radioimmunoassay for Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide 0 antigens: influence of antigen solubility","volume":"26","author":"Munford","year":"1979","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"bib215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(82)84023-8","article-title":"Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for bacterial lipopolysaccharide","volume":"84","author":"Jacobs","year":"1982","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib216","first-page":"169","article-title":"A rapid assay of endotoxin in whole blood using autologous neutrophil dependent chemiluminescence","volume":"212","author":"Romaschin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J ImmunolMethods"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-013-0567-z","article-title":"Interleukin-8 induces an elevation in the endotoxin activity assay (EAA) level: does the EAA truly measure the endotoxin level?","volume":"19","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.D059725","article-title":"Quantitative lipopolysaccharide analysis using HPLC\/MS\/MS and its combination with the limulus amebocyte lysate assay","volume":"56","author":"Pais de Barros","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.10.14","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:14Z","timestamp":1791927134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.10.14"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"references-count":218,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.67.10.14","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]}}}