{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:02:49Z","timestamp":1791928969862,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.10.5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T12:30:41Z","timestamp":1785846641000},"page":"5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distribution and Time Trends of Refractive Errors in Japanese Spectacle Wearers"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Ryo","family":"Kawasaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Osaka, Suita, Japan"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Center for Medical Research and Application, The University of Osaka Hospital, Suita, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidehito","family":"Matsuoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Strategy Department, JINS Inc., Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyotaka","family":"Hori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Strategy Department, JINS Inc., Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shizuka","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovative Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Osaka, Suita, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Osaka, Suita, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohji","family":"Nishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Center for Medical Research and Application, The University of Osaka Hospital, Suita, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Osaka, Suita, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"7543","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/519276a","article-title":"The myopia boom","volume":"519","author":"Dolgin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.10.019","article-title":"Trends in myopia and high myopia from 1966 to 2019 in Olmsted County, Minnesota","volume":"259","author":"Tailor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49","article-title":"The complications of myopia: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Haarman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib5","first-page":"CD014758","article-title":"Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Lawrenson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.12.39","article-title":"IMI-interventions for controlling myopia onset and progression 2025","volume":"66","author":"Bullimore","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13603","article-title":"Axial length growth and the risk of developing myopia in European children","volume":"96","author":"Tideman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-015-0010-0","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive error in Europe: the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium","volume":"30","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-316234","article-title":"Myopia progression from wearing first glasses to adult age: the DREAM study","volume":"106","author":"Polling","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06898-x","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of 5-year refractive changes in a large Japanese population","volume":"12","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.12.27","article-title":"IMI-2025 digest","volume":"66","author":"Tahhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib13","first-page":"102492","article-title":"IMI-global trends in myopia management attitudes and strategies in clinical practice \u2013 a nine-year review","volume":"17","author":"Whayeb","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.6.41","article-title":"Myopia correction, myopia control and myopia management: definitions and recommended usage","volume":"66","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7871","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12403","article-title":"Myopia stabilization and associated factors among participants in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET)","volume":"54","author":"The COMET Group","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.6.2","article-title":"IMI\u2014onset and progression of myopia in young adults","volume":"64","author":"Bullimore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.08.023","article-title":"Myopia prevalence and ocular biometry features in a general Japanese population: the Nagahama study","volume":"128","author":"Nakao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-025-01222-2","article-title":"Biometric risk factors for myopia onset in emmetropic school-age children","volume":"69","author":"Nakai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(99)00094-6","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia and refractive changes in students from 3 to 17 years of age","volume":"44","author":"Matsumura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib20","first-page":"M8","article-title":"IMI risk factors for myopia","volume":"60","author":"Morgan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-024-01163-z","article-title":"Gender issues in myopia: a changing paradigm in generations","volume":"39","author":"Enthoven","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.10.36","article-title":"Myopia progression as a function of sex, age, and ethnicity","volume":"62","author":"Jones-Jordan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3524","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1118","article-title":"Parental history of myopia, sports and outdoor activities, and future myopia","volume":"48","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.12.019","article-title":"Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children","volume":"115","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"18","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11513","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811513","article-title":"Physical functions among children before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a prospective longitudinal observational study (stage 1)","volume":"19","author":"Ito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.6231","article-title":"2020 as the year of quarantine myopia","volume":"139","author":"Klaver","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835449","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.835449","article-title":"Pediatric myopia progression during the COVID-19 pandemic home quarantine and the risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.3103","article-title":"Current prevalence of myopia and association of myopia with environmental factors among schoolchildren in Japan","volume":"137","author":"Yotsukura","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100729","article-title":"Annual trend of myopia and high myopia in children in Japan: a nationwide claims database study","volume":"5","author":"Kamei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-026-01341-0","article-title":"STudy of Atropine to Reduce (STAR) myopia progression in children: 24-month results of a randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled trial of atropine sulfate 0.01% and 0.03%","volume":"15","author":"Korenfeld","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002569","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2025-002569","article-title":"Consensus on evidence gaps and unmet needs in childhood myopia: findings from a European Delphi study with eye care professionals and payers","volume":"11","author":"Lagreze","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib10","author":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (Japan)","year":"2022"},{"key":"bib32","author":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (Japan)","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.10.5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:21Z","timestamp":1791927141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.10.5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.67.10.5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]}}}