{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:49:54Z","timestamp":1792590594562,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.12.42","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:30:37Z","timestamp":1792589437000},"page":"42","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Contributions of Polar and Nonpolar Lipids to the Evaporation Resistance of the Tear Film Lipid Layer"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Yiyang","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi Y.","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.03.006","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Tear Film Report","volume":"15","author":"Willcox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108115","article-title":"Biological functions of tear film","volume":"197","author":"Pflugfelder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2025.08.006","article-title":"Two models of the structures of the lamellae in human meibum and the tear film lipid layer, TFLL","volume":"38","author":"King-Smith","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(03)31001-0","article-title":"Role of mucins in the function of the corneal and conjunctival epithelia","volume":"231","author":"Gipson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int Rev Cytol"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.05.002","article-title":"The real reason for having a meibomian lipid layer covering the outer surface of the tear film\u2014A review","volume":"137","author":"Millar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.12.011","article-title":"Characterization of the thickness of the tear film lipid layer in meibomian gland dysfunction using high resolution optical microscopy","volume":"24","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.05.010","article-title":"Tear film lipids","volume":"117","author":"Butovich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3766","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-9333","article-title":"Evaluation and quantitation of intact wax esters of human meibum by gas-liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry","volume":"53","author":"Butovich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M800426-JLR200","article-title":"Cholesteryl esters as a depot for very long chain fatty acids in human meibum","volume":"50","author":"Butovich","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2016.02.020","article-title":"Tear film lipid layer: a molecular level view","volume":"1858","author":"Cwiklik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7676","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c02475","article-title":"Tear film lipid layer structure: self-assembly of O-Acyl-?-hydroxy fatty acids and wax esters into evaporation-resistant monolayers","volume":"21","author":"Viitaja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M900252-JLR200","article-title":"Human tear film and meibum. Very long chain wax esters and (O-acyl)-omega-hydroxy fatty acids of meibum","volume":"50","author":"Butovich","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.06.016","article-title":"An investigation of the likely role of (O-acyl) ?-hydroxy fatty acids in meibomian lipid films using (O-oleyl) ?-hydroxy palmitic acid as a model","volume":"115","author":"Schuett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.011","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report","volume":"15","author":"Bron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Definition and Classification Report","volume":"15","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-023-00669-1","article-title":"Dry Eye disease associated with meibomian gland dysfunction: focus on tear film characteristics and the therapeutic landscape","volume":"12","author":"Sheppard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.003","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Epidemiology Report","volume":"15","author":"Stapleton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.06.033","article-title":"Prevalence of diagnosed dry eye disease in the United States among adults aged 18 years and older","volume":"182","author":"Farrand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181f7f363","article-title":"The economic burden of dry eye disease in the United States: a decision tree analysis","volume":"30","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6442","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10487","article-title":"Do lipids retard the evaporation of the tear fluid?","volume":"53","author":"Rantam\u00e4ki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.9b01187","article-title":"Crystalline wax esters regulate the evaporation resistance of tear film lipid layers associated with dry eye syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Paananen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Phys Chem Lett"},{"key":"bib22","first-page":"13","article-title":"Effect of model tear film lipid layer on water evaporation","volume":"64","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.11.20","article-title":"Comparative biophysical study of meibomian lipids of wild type and Soat1-null mice: implications to meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye disease","volume":"64","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2020.111392","article-title":"Evaporation retardation by model tear-lipid films: the roles of film aging, compositions and interfacial rheological properties","volume":"197","author":"Svitova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6881","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10516","article-title":"Toward an animal model of the human tear film: biochemical comparison of the mouse, canine, rabbit, and human meibomian lipidomes","volume":"53","author":"Butovich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109072","article-title":"Mouse models in studies on the etiology of evaporative dry eye disease","volume":"219","author":"Widjaja-Adhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102478","article-title":"Diverse meibum lipids produced by Awat1 and Awat2 are important for stabilizing tear film and protecting the ocular surface","volume":"24","author":"Sawai","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2024.10.003","article-title":"Meibomian gland lipid alterations and ocular surface sequela in Awat2 knockout murine model of meibomian gland dysfunction and evaporative dry eye disease","volume":"34","author":"Hisey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.6.34","article-title":"Pharmacologic alteration of meibum lipid composition alleviates dry eye phenotype in Awat2-\/- Mice","volume":"67","author":"Widjaja-Adhi MAK","year":"2026","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041583","article-title":"Depletion of cholesteryl esters causes meibomian gland dysfunction-like symptoms in a Soat1-Null mouse model","volume":"22","author":"Butovich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53582","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.53582","article-title":"Lipid polarity gradient formed by ?-hydroxy lipids in tear film prevents dry eye disease","volume":"9","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"bib32","first-page":"19","article-title":"A controlled-area droplet evaporimeter reveals surface pressure-dependent evaporation resistance of the tear film lipid layer","volume":"67","author":"Guo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5730","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10317","article-title":"Quantitative profiling of major neutral lipid classes in human meibum by direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2017.06.020","article-title":"Meibomian glands, meibum, and meibogenesis","volume":"163","author":"Butovich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.07.002","article-title":"The meibomian puzzle: combining pieces together","volume":"28","author":"Butovich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680802018419","article-title":"Understanding and analyzing meibomian lipids\u2013a review","volume":"33","author":"Butovich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13355","article-title":"Biophysical and morphological evaluation of human normal and dry eye meibum using hot stage polarized light microscopy","volume":"55","author":"Butovich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-1889","article-title":"On the lipid composition of human meibum and tears: comparative analysis of nonpolar lipids","volume":"49","author":"Butovich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6220","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5687","article-title":"Shotgun lipidomic analysis of human meibomian gland secretions with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8501","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b01482","article-title":"Phase transitions in Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine monolayers","volume":"32","author":"Zuo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4820","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b01215","article-title":"Automated droplet manipulation using closed-loop axisymmetric drop shape analysis","volume":"32","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2021.12.033","article-title":"Biophysical properties of tear film lipid layer I. Surface tension and surface rheology","volume":"121","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ICL.0000141921.80061.17","article-title":"Ocular surface temperature: a review","volume":"31","author":"Purslow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2010.07.032","article-title":"Combined thermal acceptability and air movement assessments in a hot humid climate","volume":"46","author":"C\u00e2ndido","year":"2011","journal-title":"Building Environ"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2021.12.034","article-title":"Biophysical properties of tear film lipid layer II. Polymorphism of FAHFA","volume":"121","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-031822-013213","article-title":"Evaporation of sessile droplets","volume":"55","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annual Rev Fluid Mechan"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10987","article-title":"Structural and rheological properties of meibomian lipid","volume":"54","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib48","first-page":"79","article-title":"A compositional based model for the tear film lipid layer","volume":"95","author":"McCulley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997d","article-title":"The International Workshop on Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: report of the Subcommittee on Tear Film Lipids and Lipid\u2013Protein Interactions in Health and Disease","volume":"52","author":"Green-Church","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2017.03.013","article-title":"Structure-function relationship of tear film lipid layer: a contemporary perspective","volume":"163","author":"Georgiev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.06.001","article-title":"Interactions of polar lipids with cholesteryl ester multilayers elucidate tear film lipid layer structure","volume":"18","author":"Paananen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.09.007","article-title":"Mechanisms, imaging and structure of tear film breakup","volume":"16","author":"King-Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.05.009","article-title":"Human meibum and tear film derived (O-acyl)-omega-hydroxy fatty acids in meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"21","author":"Khanal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-7028","article-title":"On the presence of (O-acyl)-omega-hydroxy fatty acids and of their esters in human meibomian gland secretions","volume":"52","author":"Butovich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35556","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-23048-1","article-title":"Comprehensive lipid analysis of human meibum and tears","volume":"15","author":"Terai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4387","article-title":"Application of a novel interferometric method to investigate the relation between lipid layer thickness and tear film thinning","volume":"51","author":"King-Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2013.03.007","article-title":"Water-evaporation reduction by duplex films: application to the human tear film","volume":"197-198","author":"Cerretani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2017.0052","article-title":"Relevance of lipid-based products in the management of dry eye disease","volume":"33","author":"Garrigue","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Therap"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2020.0011","article-title":"Cationic emulsion-based artificial tears as a mimic of functional healthy tear film for restoration of ocular surface homeostasis in dry eye disease","volume":"36","author":"Daull","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Therap"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.12.42","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:30:38Z","timestamp":1792589438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.12.42"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.67.12.42","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]}}}