{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:01:42Z","timestamp":1791928902052,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.4.20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T13:30:37Z","timestamp":1775827837000},"page":"20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["M\u00fcller Cell Changes and Subretinal Membrane Formation in an Eye With Multifocal Geographic Atrophy"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Malia M.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Scott","family":"McLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imran A.","family":"Bhutto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhonda","family":"Grebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Messinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Berlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"},{"name":"University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shreya","family":"Jolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Autumn M.","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Bijon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. Bailey","family":"Freund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitreous Retina Macula Consultants of New York, New York, New York, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Curcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00265-2","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"7","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21229","article-title":"subretinal glial membranes in eyes with geographic atrophy","volume":"58","author":"Edwards","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.07.016","article-title":"Idiopathic preretinal glia in aging and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"150","author":"Edwards","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.3.2","article-title":"Clinicopathologic findings in three siblings with geographic atrophy","volume":"64","author":"Edwards","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2001.1061","article-title":"Changes of astrocytes in retinal ageing and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"73","author":"Ramirez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.9.1159","article-title":"Differential expression of GFAP in early v late AMD: a quantitative analysis","volume":"87","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.1.49","article-title":"Fundus autofluorescence variation in geographic atrophy of age-related macular degeneration: a clinicopathologic correlation","volume":"66","author":"Curcio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.06.020","article-title":"The border of macular atrophy in age-related macular degeneration: a clinicopathologic correlation","volume":"193","author":"Dolz-Marco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002461","article-title":"Clinicopathologic correlation of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002182","article-title":"Histology of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration: a multilayer approach","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.2.21","article-title":"Regional alterations in muller cell protein expression in human and a rat model of geographic atrophy","volume":"66","author":"Naik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2008.11.009","article-title":"S100B's double life: intracellular regulator and extracellular signal","volume":"1793","author":"Donato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10296","article-title":"Intracellular and extracellular roles of S100 proteins","volume":"60","author":"Donato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(01)00046-2","article-title":"S100: a multigenic family of calcium-modulated proteins of the EF-hand type with intracellular and extracellular functional roles","volume":"33","author":"Donato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4889(94)90101-5","article-title":"S100 beta expression in Alzheimer's disease: relation to neuropathology in brain regions","volume":"1223","author":"Van Eldik","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(96)00037-1","article-title":"Human brain S100 beta and S100 beta mRNA expression increases with age: pathogenic implications for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"17","author":"Sheng","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490390406","article-title":"S100 beta protein expression in Alzheimer disease: potential role in the pathogenesis of neuritic plaques","volume":"39","author":"Sheng","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0740295.x","article-title":"Overexpression of the neuritotrophic cytokine S100beta precedes the appearance of neuritic beta-amyloid plaques in APPV717F mice","volume":"74","author":"Sheng","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"bib19","first-page":"65240","article-title":"Ex vivo OCT-based multimodal imaging of human donor eyes for research into age-related macular degeneration","volume":"195","author":"Messinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.3.19","article-title":"Choroidal vascular changes in a case of multifocal Geographic atrophy, a clinicopathologic correlation","volume":"67","author":"McLeod","year":"2026","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib21","first-page":"137","article-title":"A formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative of high osmolarity for use in electron microscopy","volume":"27","author":"Karnovsky","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Cell Biol."},{"issue":"466","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaat4544","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aat4544","article-title":"Calcified nodules in retinal drusen are associated with disease progression in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"10","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.007","article-title":"Histologic basis of variations in retinal pigment epithelium autofluorescence in eyes with geographic atrophy","volume":"120","author":"Rudolf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.06.002","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelial expression of complement regulator CD46 is altered early in the course of geographic atrophy","volume":"93","author":"Vogt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.8.8","article-title":"Recognizing atrophy and mixed-type neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration via clinicopathologic correlation","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0416","article-title":"Neuronal migration and glial remodeling in degenerating retinas of aged rats and in nonneovascular AMD","volume":"44","author":"Sullivan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib27","first-page":"1439","article-title":"Retinal remodeling and metabolic alterations in human AMD","volume":"150","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers Cell Neurosc"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.03.018","article-title":"Retinal remodeling in human retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"150","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-012-0147-2","article-title":"Retinal remodeling","volume":"56","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.8.27","article-title":"Retinal glial and choroidal vascular pathology in donors clinically diagnosed with Stargardt disease","volume":"61","author":"Edwards","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0518","article-title":"Glial remodeling and neural plasticity in human retinal detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"46","author":"Sethi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001330","article-title":"Visualizing retinal pigment epithelium phenotypes in the transition to atrophy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"36","author":"Zanzottera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2023.100302","article-title":"A systems biology approach uncovers novel disease mechanisms in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"3","author":"Orozco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Genom"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24254","article-title":"The Utah Protocol for Postmortem Eye Phenotyping and Molecular Biochemical Analysis","volume":"60","author":"Owen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199603000-00002","article-title":"Correlation of astrocytic S100 beta expression with dystrophic neurites in amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"55","author":"Mrak","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9605","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119605","article-title":"The S100B protein: a multifaceted pathogenic factor more than a biomarker","volume":"24","author":"Michetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.006","article-title":"Stages of drusen-associated atrophy in age-related macular degeneration visible via histologically validated fundus autofluorescence","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2005.03.006","article-title":"Retinal remodeling during retinal degeneration","volume":"81","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1385\/MN:28:2:139","article-title":"Retinal remodeling in inherited photoreceptor degenerations","volume":"28","author":"Marc","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21237","article-title":"The evolution of the plateau, an optical coherence tomography signature seen in geographic atrophy","volume":"58","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100280","article-title":"Histology of type 3 macular neovascularization and microvascular anomalies in treated age-related macular degeneration: a case study","volume":"3","author":"Berlin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.10.34","article-title":"Hyperreflective foci, optical coherence tomography progression indicators in age-related macular degeneration, include transdifferentiated retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"62","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.08.019","article-title":"Clinicopathologic correlation of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor-treated type 3 neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"125","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4271","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124271","article-title":"EMT and EndMT: emerging roles in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"21","author":"Shu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib45","first-page":"267","article-title":"Phenotypic variation of retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"43","author":"Guidry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2020.01.005","article-title":"Muller cell metabolic signatures: evolutionary conservation and disruption in disease","volume":"31","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020438","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing in human retinal degeneration reveals distinct glial cell populations","volume":"9","author":"Voigt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.4.12","article-title":"Histologic photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium degeneration in an eye with clinically documented geographic atrophy of AMD","volume":"67","author":"Curcio","year":"2026","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.4.20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:15Z","timestamp":1791927135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.4.20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.67.4.20","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]}}}