{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:01:44Z","timestamp":1791928904625,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.4.41","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T13:30:59Z","timestamp":1776432659000},"page":"41","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Longitudinal Tracking of Photoreceptor Integrity in Neovascular AMD: Early Restoration Predicts 24-Month Structural and Visual Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Pu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuenan","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinlei","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaoling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongyue","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiqin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanghan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadq7332","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adq7332","article-title":"Insight into human photoreceptor function: modeling optoretinographic responses to diverse stimuli","volume":"11","author":"Valente","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.239436","article-title":"Retinal remodeling following photoreceptor degeneration causes retinal ganglion cell death","volume":"13","author":"Garc\u00eda-Ayuso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108283","article-title":"The road to restore vision with photoreceptor regeneration","volume":"202","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.26074","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration: a review","volume":"331","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-1637(02)00007-7","article-title":"Photoreceptor degeneration and dysfunction in aging and age-related maculopathy","volume":"1","author":"Jackson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"AMD160","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24882","article-title":"Soft drusen in age-related macular degeneration: biology and targeting via the oil spill strategies","volume":"59","author":"Curcio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.11.004","article-title":"Consensus nomenclature for reporting neovascular age-related macular degeneration data","volume":"127","author":"Spaide","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16070927","article-title":"Visual outcomes of anti-VEGF treatment on neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a real-world population-based cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Korva-Gurung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-020-00288-0","article-title":"Demographic and clinical factors that influence the visual response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Gill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"issue":"17","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03308-6","article-title":"Fibrosis in age-related neovascular macular degeneration in the anti-VEGF era","volume":"38","author":"Armendariz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.01.032","article-title":"Macular atrophy progression and 7-year vision outcomes in subjects from the ANCHOR, MARINA, and HORIZON studies: the SEVEN-UP study","volume":"159","author":"Bhisitkul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.07.007","article-title":"A paradigm shift in imaging biomarkers in neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"50","author":"Schmidt-Erfurth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002717","article-title":"Topographic analysis of photoreceptor loss correlated with disease morphology in neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"40","author":"Riedl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952735","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.952735","article-title":"Automatic quantification of retinal photoreceptor integrity to predict persistent disease activity in neovascular age-related macular degeneration using deep learning","volume":"16","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2024.104716","article-title":"Association between three-dimensional morphological features and functional indicators of neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"155","author":"Zhuang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03462-x","article-title":"Photoreceptor assessment in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"39","author":"Domalpally","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2024-326319","article-title":"Prognostic value of macular neovascularisation characteristics for photoreceptor integrity in nAMD: a prospective observational study","volume":"109","author":"Pu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-025-03829-8","article-title":"Systematic review of clinical practice guidelines for the management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"39","author":"Lim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.11.020","article-title":"Follow up at 5 years of non-fibrotic scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT)","volume":"126","author":"Daniel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3557","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S327138","article-title":"Visual outcomes and prognostic factors of large submacular hemorrhages secondary to polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"15","author":"Matsuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1987_22","article-title":"Real-world outcomes and complications of different surgical approaches for significant submacular haemorrhages","volume":"71","author":"Boral","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.11.004","article-title":"Consensus nomenclature for reporting neovascular age-related macular degeneration data: consensus on Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Nomenclature Study Group","volume":"127","author":"Spaide","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"20","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102673","article-title":"Ranibizumab and bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"364","author":"CATT Research Group","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.009","article-title":"Twenty-four-month efficacy and safety of 0.5\u00a0mg or 2.0\u00a0mg ranibizumab in patients with subfoveal neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"121","author":"Ho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001688","article-title":"Longitudinal change of outer nuclear layer after retinal pigment epithelial tear secondary to age-related macular degeneration","volume":"38","author":"Oishi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2014.925934","article-title":"Drusen and photoreceptor abnormalities in African-Americans with intermediate non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"40","author":"Sadigh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2023.2240547","article-title":"Discernibility of the interdigitation zone (IZ), a potential optical coherence tomography (OCT) biomarker for visual dysfunction in aging","volume":"48","author":"Berlin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2025-327339","article-title":"Association between early lesion response and long-term anti-VEGF injection frequency in nAMD: a 2-year prospective study using 3D volumetric analysis","volume":"110","author":"Pu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.14.10.1","article-title":"Early fluctuations of exudative lesions as predictors of two-year clinical outcomes in neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"14","author":"Pu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.06.019","article-title":"Analyzing formation and absorption of avascular subretinal hyperreflective material in nAMD from OCTA-based insights","volume":"267","author":"Pu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.2914","article-title":"Progression of photoreceptor degeneration in geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration","volume":"138","author":"Pfau","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.07.016","article-title":"Outer retinal thickness and fundus autofluorescence in geographic atrophy","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib33","first-page":"2405","article-title":"Relation of optical coherence tomography to microanatomy in normal and rd chickens","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182247535","article-title":"Anatomical correlates to the bands seen in the outer retina by optical coherence tomography: literature review and model","volume":"31","author":"Spaide","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001946","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography and histology of age-related macular degeneration support mitochondria as reflectivity sources","volume":"38","author":"Litts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2021.02.012","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of ellipsoid zone integrity, subretinal hyperreflective material, and subretinal pigment epithelium disease in neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"5","author":"Ehlers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-012-2034-4","article-title":"Recovery of photoreceptor outer segments after anti-VEGF therapy for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"251","author":"Oishi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib38","first-page":"9994098","article-title":"OCT biomarkers in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a narrative review","volume":"2021","author":"Metrangolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4129","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16735","article-title":"Restoration of outer retinal layers after aflibercept therapy in exudative AMD: prognostic value","volume":"56","author":"Coscas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4439","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6732","article-title":"The dynamic healing process of idiopathic macular holes after surgical repair: a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography study","volume":"52","author":"Bottoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.16801","article-title":"Initial treatment response can predict one-year treatment outcomes in neovascular age-related macular degeneration treated according to the observe-and-plan regimen","volume":"103","author":"Thomsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02900-6","article-title":"Short-term response to anti-VEGF as indicator of visual prognosis in refractory age-related macular degeneration","volume":"38","author":"Gigon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-01765-3","article-title":"Photoreceptor metabolic reprogramming: current understanding and therapeutic implications","volume":"4","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.05.042","article-title":"Subretinal hyperreflective material in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials","volume":"122","author":"Willoughby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13264","article-title":"Clearance phagocytosis by the retinal pigment epithelium during photoreceptor outer segment renewal: Molecular mechanisms and relation to retinal inflammation","volume":"319","author":"Lieffrig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"bib46","article-title":"New insights into RPE-photoreceptor complex ultrastructure using focused ion beam-scanning election microscopy (FIB-SEM)","author":"Low","journal-title":"Res Sq [Preprint]"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15521","article-title":"Correlation of outer nuclear layer thickness with cone density values in patients with retinitis pigmentosa and healthy subjects","volume":"56","author":"Menghini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.12.68","article-title":"Deep-learning\u2013based analysis of disease-specific structural biomarkers on retinal sensitivity in neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"66","author":"Reiter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.4.41","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:19Z","timestamp":1791927139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.4.41"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.67.4.41","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]}}}