{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:02:21Z","timestamp":1791928941212,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.5.26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T12:30:54Z","timestamp":1778675454000},"page":"26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Linear Viscoelasticity of Human Ocular Tissues During Tensile Stress Relaxation"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Somaye","family":"Jafari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atharva","family":"Shetye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States"},{"name":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Demer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States"},{"name":"Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Modeling the oculomotor control system","volume":"267","author":"Robinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2863","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00935.2010","article-title":"Gamlin PD. Motor nucleus activity fails to predict extraocular muscle forces in ocular convergence","volume":"105","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"bib3","first-page":"526705","article-title":"Creep behavior of passive bovine extraocular muscle","volume":"2011","author":"Yoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.100773","article-title":"Scleral structure and biomechanics","volume":"74","author":"Boote","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1536930","article-title":"Viscoelastic characterization of peripapillary sclera: material properties by quadrant in rabbit and monkey eyes","volume":"125","author":"Downs","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0114","article-title":"Viscoelastic material properties of the peripapillary sclera in normal and early-glaucoma monkey eyes","volume":"46","author":"Downs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8009","article-title":"Biomechanics of the human posterior sclera: age- and glaucoma-related changes measured using inflation testing","volume":"53","author":"Coudrillier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0141137","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141137","article-title":"Losartan treatment protects retinal ganglion cells and alters scleral remodeling in experimental glaucoma","volume":"10","author":"Quigley","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E23","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181940669","article-title":"Biomechanics of the sclera in myopia: extracellular and cellular factors","volume":"86","author":"McBrien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s100190050077","article-title":"Creep of the eye sclera","volume":"2","author":"Shchukin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mater Res Innov"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8420","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7911","article-title":"Demer JL. Mechanical interferometry imaging for creep modeling of the cornea","volume":"52","author":"Yoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.07.004","article-title":"Intact globe inflation testing of changes in scleral mechanics in myopia and recovery","volume":"127","author":"Lewis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.09.009","article-title":"The in vitro inflation response of mouse sclera","volume":"91","author":"Myers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib14","first-page":"2028","article-title":"Induced myopia associated with increased scleral creep in chick and tree shrew eyes","volume":"41","author":"Phillips","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.11.009","article-title":"Corneal hysteresis for the diagnosis of glaucoma and assessment of progression risk: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology","volume":"130","author":"Sit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111530","article-title":"Linear viscoelasticity of human sclera and posterior ocular tissues during tensile creep","volume":"151","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.07.022","article-title":"Assessment of the viscoelastic mechanical properties of the porcine optic nerve head using micromechanical testing and finite element modeling","volume":"134","author":"Safa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-017-0942-2","article-title":"A viscoelastic anisotropic hyperelastic constitutive model of the human cornea","volume":"17","author":"Whitford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomech Model Mechanobiol"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.12.001","article-title":"Stress-controlled viscoelastic tensile response of bovine cornea","volume":"40","author":"Boyce","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2007.06.020","article-title":"Modeling the anisotropic finite-deformation viscoelastic behavior of soft fiber-reinforced composites","volume":"44","author":"Nguyen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Solids Struct"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.07.040","article-title":"An atlas of the heterogeneous viscoelastic brain with local power-law attenuation synthesised using Prony-series","volume":"169","author":"Morrison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"011006","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4034651","article-title":"Viscoelastic properties of human tracheal tissues","volume":"139","author":"Safshekan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"bib24","first-page":"73","article-title":"Corneal hyper-viscoelastic model: derivations, experiments, and simulations","volume":"17","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng Biomech"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3475","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6867","article-title":"Characterization of ocular tissues using microindentation and Hertzian viscoelastic models","volume":"52","author":"Yoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2024.112416","article-title":"Shear viscoelastic properties of human orbital fat","volume":"177","author":"Jafari","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.02.010","article-title":"Regional variation in the biomechanical properties of the human sclera","volume":"90","author":"Elsheikh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931523","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.931523","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics along the optic nerve","volume":"13","author":"Sheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801238-3.99932-X","article-title":"Poroelasticity of living tissues","volume":"2","author":"Malandrino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Encyclopedia Biomed Eng"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5258","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9705","article-title":"Quantitative mapping of collagen fiber orientation in non-glaucoma and glaucoma posterior human sclerae","volume":"53","author":"Pijanka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-021-01448-2","article-title":"Material properties and effect of preconditioning of human sclera, optic nerve, and optic nerve sheath","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomech Model Mechanobiol"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1114\/1.1568116","article-title":"Effect of specimen size and aspect ratio on the tensile properties of porcine aortic valve tissues","volume":"31","author":"Carew","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"bib33","first-page":"2029","article-title":"Sensitivity of mechanical strain in human peripapillary region to adduction tethering evaluated by hyperelastic characterization and finite element analysis","volume":"59","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020413","article-title":"Comparison of compressive stress-relaxation behavior in osteoarthritic human articular cartilage","volume":"19","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s40940-019-00098-2","article-title":"Experimental investigations on the creep behaviour of PVB under different temperatures and humidity conditions","volume":"4","author":"Botz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glass Struct Eng"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2017.1339809","article-title":"Evaluation of approaches to analyzing continuous correlated eye data when sample size is small","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"021005","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4026286","article-title":"Biomechanics of the posterior eye: a critical role in health and disease","volume":"136","author":"Campbell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.09.018","article-title":"Dynamic testing of regional viscoelastic behavior of canine sclera","volume":"93","author":"Palko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.104207","article-title":"The posterior eye with age-related macular degeneration has isotropic and nonlinear viscoelastic properties","volume":"114","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12060587","article-title":"Finite element model of the effect of optic nerve sheath anisotropy on ocular loading during horizontal duction","volume":"12","author":"Jafari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21319","article-title":"Predictions of optic nerve traction forces and peripapillary tissue stresses following horizontal eye movements","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0118648","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118648","article-title":"Depth-dependent changes in collagen organization in the human peripapillary sclera","volume":"10","author":"Pijanka","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4189","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0541","article-title":"Factors influencing optic nerve head biomechanics","volume":"46","author":"Sigal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9684","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7894","article-title":"Quantitative mapping of scleral fiber orientation in normal rat eyes","volume":"52","author":"Girard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2005.0034","article-title":"Comparative study of corneal strip extensometry and inflation tests","volume":"2","author":"Elsheikh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.11.001","article-title":"Dimensions of the human sclera: thickness measurement and regional changes with axial length","volume":"90","author":"Norman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200634","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2020.0634","article-title":"A biphasic approach for characterizing tensile, compressive and hydraulic properties of the sclera","volume":"18","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2025.105299","article-title":"A poroelastic model of the optic nerve shows a significant effect of fluid pressure on the nerve fibers","volume":"204","author":"Kucherenko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mech Mater"},{"key":"bib21","first-page":"2807","article-title":"The study of mechanical properties on soft tissue of human forearm in vivo","volume-title":"Proc 3rd Int Conf Bioinformatics Biomed Eng","author":"Su","year":"2009"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1142\/p926","volume-title":"Fractional Calculus and Waves in Linear Viscoelasticity: An Introduction to Mathematical Models","author":"Mainardi","year":"2022","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-64422-2_6","article-title":"Biomechanical properties of the sclera","volume-title":"Ocular Rigidity, Biomechanics and Hydrodynamics of the Eye","author":"Campbell","year":"2021"},{"key":"bib44","volume-title":"Anatomy of the Human Optic Nerve: Structure and Function","author":"Salazar Corral","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.5.26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:16Z","timestamp":1791927136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.5.26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.67.5.26","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]}}}