{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:02:45Z","timestamp":1791928965664,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.5.35","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T13:30:43Z","timestamp":1778851843000},"page":"35","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Single-Cell Sequencing Analysis Reveals Dysregulated Energy Metabolism and Altered Synaptic Connectivity in the Mouse Retina Following Dark Rearing"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Zehui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Eye Research Center, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Er","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Eye Research Center, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sihan","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Eye Research Center, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Eye Research Center, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Eye Research Center, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongzhe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Eye Research Center, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Eye Research Center, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-e","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Eye Research Center, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-090721-110411","article-title":"Critical periods in vision revisited","volume":"8","author":"Mitchell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1963.26.6.1003","article-title":"Single-cell responses in striate cortex of kittens deprived of vision in one eye","volume":"26","author":"Wiesel","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.01.031","article-title":"Circuitry underlying experience-dependent plasticity in the mouse visual system","volume":"106","author":"Hooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.022","article-title":"Vision-dependent specification of cell types and function in the developing cortex","volume":"185","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2421022122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2421022122","article-title":"Spatial profiling of the interplay between cell type- and vision-dependent transcriptomic programs in the visual cortex","volume":"122","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523804041033","article-title":"Light deprivation suppresses the light response of inner retina in both young and adult mouse","volume":"21","author":"Vistamehr","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"bib7","first-page":"20142756","article-title":"Ten days of darkness causes temporary blindness during an early critical period in felines","volume":"282","author":"Mitchell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781516","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.781516","article-title":"Documentation of the development of various visuomotor responses in typically reared kittens and those reared with early selected visual exposure by use of a new procedure","volume":"15","author":"MacNeill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02420.x","article-title":"Developmental plasticity of mouse visual acuity","volume":"17","author":"Prusky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-022-03689-8","article-title":"Dark rearing in the visual critical period causes structural changes in myelinated axons in the adult mouse visual pathway","volume":"47","author":"Osanai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00389-1","article-title":"Visual stimulation is required for refinement of ON and OFF pathways in postnatal retina","volume":"39","author":"Tian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640421","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.640421","article-title":"Visual deprivation retards the maturation of dendritic fields and receptive fields of mouse retinal ganglion cells","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00470-6","article-title":"Visual deprivation alters development of synaptic function in inner retina after eye opening","volume":"32","author":"Tian","year":"Nov 8 2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4438","article-title":"Experience-dependent regulation of NMDA receptor subunit composition and phosphorylation in the retina and visual cortex","volume":"51","author":"Giannakopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4217","article-title":"Visual experience\u2013independent functional expression of NMDA receptors in the developing rabbit retina","volume":"51","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22320","article-title":"Cx36 expression in the AII-mediated rod pathway is activity dependent in the developing rabbit retina","volume":"76","author":"Tu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Neurobiol"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2022.07.013","article-title":"Vision-dependent and -independent molecular maturation of mouse retinal ganglion cells","volume":"508","author":"Whitney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"15","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5957","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25682","article-title":"Mitochondrial respiration in outer retina contributes to light-evoked increase in hydration in vivo","volume":"59","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3890","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508214103","article-title":"Targeting of GFP to newborn rods by Nrl promoter and temporal expression profiling of flow-sorted photoreceptors","volume":"103","author":"Akimoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfaf141","article-title":"Toxicological profile of chemical interference of thyroid hormone metabolism via deiodinase enzymes in a rodent model","volume":"208","author":"Thomas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"kfaf152","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfaf152","article-title":"Maternal exposure to iopanoic acid disrupts thyroid hormone metabolism and impairs development of the rodent brain","volume":"209","author":"Thomas","year":"2026","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28253","article-title":"Abnormal thyroid hormone metabolism in mice lacking the monocarboxylate transporter 8","volume":"117","author":"Trajkovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e372","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.372","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing of retina revealed novel transcriptional landscape in high myopia and underlying cell-type-specific mechanisms","volume":"4","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"MedComm (2020)"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3783","article-title":"Retinal bipolar cells: elementary building blocks of vision","volume":"15","author":"Euler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228724","article-title":"Different effects of visual deprivation on vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-containing cells in the retinas of juvenile and adult rats","volume":"111","author":"Herbst","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20470","article-title":"Development of cholinergic amacrine cells is visual activity-dependent in the postnatal mouse retina","volume":"484","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"27","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5177","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0471-20.2020","article-title":"Mouse retinal cell atlas: molecular identification of over sixty amacrine cell types","volume":"40","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(86)90293-2","article-title":"Effect of postnatal light deprivation on the ontogenesis of dopamine neurons in rat retina","volume":"391","author":"Melamed","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(91)90200-3","article-title":"Effects of dark-rearing on the retinal dopaminergic system in the neonatal and postnatal guinea pig","volume":"62","author":"Spira","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain Res Dev Brain Res"},{"issue":"21","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12486","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1934836100","article-title":"Visual cortex is rescued from the effects of dark rearing by overexpression of BDNF","volume":"100","author":"Gianfranceschi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144327","article-title":"Critical period regulation","volume":"27","author":"Hensch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2012.05.004","article-title":"Cell fate determination in the vertebrate retina","volume":"35","author":"Bassett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2759","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying spontaneous patterned activity in developing neural circuits","volume":"11","author":"Blankenship","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2024.e00353","article-title":"Regulating Lars2 in mitochondria: a potential Alzheimer's therapy by inhibiting tau phosphorylation","volume":"21","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102630","article-title":"Decreased expression of mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases causes downregulation of OXPHOS subunits in type 2 diabetic muscle","volume":"61","author":"L\u00f3pez-Soldado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.2147\/JHC.S549003","article-title":"Cms1 ribosomal small subunit homolog promotes HCC proliferation and migration by modulating the TNF\/NF-?B signaling pathway","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatocell Carcinoma"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2025.118287","article-title":"A comprehensive description of cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) inhibitors as anticancer agents","volume":"128","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47623-8","article-title":"Cdk8\/CDK19 promotes mitochondrial fission through Drp1 phosphorylation and can phenotypically suppress pink1 deficiency in Drosophila","volume":"15","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-27681-1","article-title":"Aerobic glycolysis in photoreceptors supports energy demand in the absence of mitochondrial coupling","volume":"1415","author":"Hass","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"24","key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.10.029","article-title":"ATP consumption by mammalian rod photoreceptors in darkness and in light","volume":"18","author":"Okawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib44","first-page":"79458240","article-title":"Dark-rearing (DR) precludes the initiating event in OIR and eliminates the pathology seen in the second phase of disease: rationale for novel non-invasive treatment for ROP","volume":"57","author":"Chan-Ling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7436","key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11823","article-title":"A direct and melanopsin-dependent fetal light response regulates mouse eye development","volume":"494","author":"Rao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.09.024","article-title":"Sensory experience shapes the development of the visual system's first synapse","volume":"80","author":"Dunn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"20","key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.08.087","article-title":"Sensory deprivation arrests cellular and synaptic development of the night-vision circuitry in the retina","volume":"33","author":"Wisner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"21","key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7848","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21217848","article-title":"Heterogeneous presynaptic distribution of Munc13 isoforms at retinal synapses and identification of an unconventional bipolar cell type with dual expression of Munc13 isoforms: a study using Munc13-EXFP knock-in mice","volume":"21","author":"Gierke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"bib49","first-page":"219","article-title":"Development of retinal synaptic arrays in the inner plexiform layer of dark-reared mice","volume":"54","author":"Fisher","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Embryol Exp Morphol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901410403","article-title":"Increase in number of synapses in the inner plexiform layer of light deprived rat retinae: quantitative electron microscopy","volume":"141","author":"Sosula","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440030607","article-title":"Dark-rearing retards the maturation of astrocytes in restricted layers of cat visual cortex","volume":"3","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"1990","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815923","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2021.815923","article-title":"Muller glia in retinal development: from specification to circuit integration","volume":"15","author":"Tworig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neural Circuits"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e240315","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-24-0315","article-title":"Differentiation versus dysfunction: thyroid hormone, deiodinases and retinal photoreceptors","volume":"14","author":"Ng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1093\/procel\/pwad007","article-title":"Single-cell profiling reveals M\u00fcller glia coordinate retinal intercellular communication during light\/dark adaptation via thyroid hormone signaling","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8248","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17743","article-title":"Light-regulated thyroid hormone signaling is required for rod photoreceptor development in the mouse retina","volume":"56","author":"Sawant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib19","first-page":"581579","article-title":"Photoreceptor degeneration in Pro23His transgenic rats (line 3) involves autophagic and necroptotic mechanisms","volume-title":"Front Neurosci","author":"Kakavand","year":"2020"},{"key":"bib25","volume-title":"Characterization of postsynaptic glutamate transporter functionality in the zebrafish retinal first synapse across different wavelengths","author":"Garbelli","year":"2025"},{"key":"bib38","article-title":"Lars2 deficiency-induced mitochondrial dysfunction drives the emergence of a pro-inflammatory stroke-specific microglial subpopulation [published online ahead of print July 4, 2025]","volume-title":"Aging Dis","author":"Zou"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.5.35","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:18Z","timestamp":1791927138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.5.35"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.67.5.35","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]}}}