{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:02:01Z","timestamp":1791928921688,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.5.53","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T13:30:48Z","timestamp":1779283848000},"page":"53","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aging of Nonhuman Primate Eyes Is Sexually Dimorphic"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Yingxue","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingming","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuxin","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Qing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zehui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingli","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elia J.","family":"Duh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xialin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04248","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.04248","article-title":"Quantifying the impact of disease severity changes on the burden of blindness: a global decomposition analysis","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-023-00781-2","article-title":"Sex differences in energy metabolism: natural selection, mechanisms and consequences","volume":"20","author":"Mauvais-Jarvis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.90","article-title":"Sex differences in immune responses","volume":"16","author":"Klein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-023-00509-8","article-title":"Female aging: when translational models don't translate","volume":"3","author":"Gilmer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0259879","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259879","article-title":"Risk factors for emerging intraocular inflammation after intravitreal brolucizumab injection for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"16","author":"Mukai","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-024-03823-w","article-title":"Systemic adverse drug events to topical prostaglandin analogs for treating glaucoma: a retrospective focused pharmacovigilance study","volume":"24","author":"Sridharan","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2016.12.009","article-title":"Drugs and medical devices: adverse events and the impact on women's health","volume":"39","author":"Carey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"issue":"23","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.1597","article-title":"Cataracts: a review","volume":"333","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.26074","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration: a review","volume":"331","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10414","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01289-8","article-title":"Glaucoma: now and beyond","volume":"402","author":"Jayaram","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.5668","article-title":"Association of sex with the global burden of cataract","volume":"136","author":"Lou","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544765","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1544765","article-title":"Identification of risk factors for the progression of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"12","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624179","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.624179","article-title":"Prevalence of primary angle closure glaucoma in the last 20 years: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"52","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26280","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1902292116","article-title":"The primate model for understanding and restoring vision","volume":"116","author":"Picaud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18169","article-title":"Nonhuman primate ocular biometry","volume":"57","author":"Augusteyn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.11.23","article-title":"Nonhuman primate eyes display variable growth and aging rates in alignment with human eyes","volume":"64","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.7.3","article-title":"Age-related differences in ocular features of a naturalistic free-ranging population of rhesus macaques","volume":"64","author":"Fernandes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108754","article-title":"Age-related changes in the rhesus macaque eye","volume":"212","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.12.28","article-title":"Proteomic characterization of the rhesus macaque lens nucleus: similarity to human lens, age effects on protein solubility, and trends in post-translational modifications","volume":"66","author":"Hayden","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.12.41","article-title":"Systemic and local lipids in nonhuman primates with drusen and age-related maculopathies","volume":"66","author":"Villafuerte-Trisolini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5689","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102541","article-title":"Aging in rhesus monkeys: relevance to human health interventions","volume":"305","author":"Roth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.1.60","article-title":"Retinal and choriocapillaris thickness and age in macaques in development and aging","volume":"67","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21519","article-title":"Localization of papillofoveal bundles in primates","volume":"295","author":"Hiraoka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-30581-6","article-title":"Spontaneous refractive error, ocular biometry and age related lens changes in a population of geriatric rhesus macaques","volume":"16","author":"Ross","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815620628","article-title":"Age-associated pathology in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"53","author":"Simmons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-023-00365-y","article-title":"Age-related changes in geometry and transparency of human crystalline lens revealed by optical signal discontinuity zones in swept-source OCT images","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye Vis (Lond)"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0841","article-title":"Oxidative damage to human lens epithelial cells in culture: estrogen protection of mitochondrial potential, ATP, and cell viability","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"16","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9328","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.16.9328","article-title":"Protective effects of estrogen in a rat model of age-related cataracts","volume":"96","author":"Bigsby","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.2.273","article-title":"Estrogen protects lenses against cataract induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta)","volume":"185","author":"Hales","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2003.09.015","article-title":"17Beta-estradiol confers a protective effect against transforming growth factor-beta2-induced cataracts in female but not male lenses","volume":"78","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"14","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9427","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.132247999","article-title":"An estrogen receptor repressor induces cataract formation in transgenic mice","volume":"99","author":"Davis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib32","first-page":"1452","article-title":"Lens epithelia contain a high-affinity, membrane steroid hormone-binding protein","volume":"40","author":"Cenedella","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-015-0176-4","article-title":"Biophysical chemistry of the ageing eye lens","volume":"7","author":"Ray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biophys Rev"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.04.001","article-title":"The lens growth process","volume":"60","author":"Bassnett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.12.003","article-title":"Anterior chamber depth in elderly Chinese: the Liwan eye study","volume":"115","author":"He","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1950257","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1950257","article-title":"Gender- and age-related differences of ocular biometric parameters in patients undergoing cataract surgery in Bosnia and Herzegovina","volume":"2023","author":"Zvornicanin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108676","article-title":"The effect of sex on the mouse lens transcriptome","volume":"209","author":"Faranda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4458","article-title":"Pregnancy leads to long-lasting changes in human brain structure","volume":"20","author":"Hoekzema","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01741-0","article-title":"Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy","volume":"27","author":"Pritschet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"44","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22341","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1910666116","article-title":"Population-based neuroimaging reveals traces of childbirth in the maternal brain","volume":"116","author":"de Lange","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e643","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006000","article-title":"Differential effects of completed and incomplete pregnancies on the risk of Alzheimer disease","volume":"91","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-306653","article-title":"Parity and the risk of cataract: a cross-sectional analysis in the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort study","volume":"99","author":"Tian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2009.01565.x","article-title":"Exogenous oestrogen exposure, female reproductive factors and the long-term incidence of cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"88","author":"Kanthan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4273","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0285","article-title":"Female reproductive factors and eye disease in a rural South Indian population: the Aravind Comprehensive Eye Survey","volume":"45","author":"Nirmalan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogla.2022.06.003","article-title":"The association of female reproductive factors with glaucoma and related traits: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Madjedi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Glaucoma"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000002292","article-title":"Reproductive factors and the risk of open angle glaucoma in women","volume":"32","author":"Kai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.59249\/JTIV4138","article-title":"Natural physiological changes during pregnancy","volume":"97","author":"Chandra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-26956","article-title":"Retinal vascular changes during pregnancy detected with optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"60","author":"Chanwimol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14346","article-title":"Pregnancy and the eye: what do we need to watch out for? A review","volume":"52","author":"Madike","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.5.53","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:21Z","timestamp":1791927141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.5.53"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.67.5.53","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]}}}