{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:02:12Z","timestamp":1791928932768,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.6.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T13:00:58Z","timestamp":1780318858000},"page":"2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Visually Guided Saccades in Amblyopia and Strabismus: The Roles of Sensory Deficits and Nystagmus"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Quagraine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Busra","family":"Cakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Archana","family":"Mandava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaina","family":"Albirini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aasef","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatema","family":"Ghasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.05.039","article-title":"Understanding the impact of residual amblyopia on functional vision and eye-related quality of life using the PedEyeQ","volume":"218","author":"Hatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000429","article-title":"National expert panel to the national center for children's vision and eye health. vision screening for children 36 to &lt; 72 months: recommended practices","volume":"92","author":"Cotter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2147\/EB.S300454","article-title":"Monocular and binocular visual function deficits in amblyopic patients with and without fusion maldevelopment nystagmus","volume":"13","author":"Murray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/2576117X.2019.1624440","article-title":"Fellow eye deficits in amblyopia","volume":"69","author":"Birch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Binocul Vis Ocul Motil"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-111815-114335","article-title":"Strabismus and the oculomotor system: insights from macaque models","volume":"2","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2772","article-title":"Alternating fixation and saccade behavior in nonhuman primates with alternating occlusion-induced exotropia","volume":"50","author":"Das","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00219.2018","article-title":"Activity of near-response cells during disconjugate saccades in strabismic monkeys","volume":"120","author":"Pallus","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-310346","article-title":"Abnormal fixational eye movements in strabismus","volume":"102","author":"Ghasia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16371","article-title":"Cross-coupled eye movement supports neural origin of pattern strabismus","volume":"56","author":"Ghasia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/09273970500536193","article-title":"Visual processing in amblyopia: animal studies","volume":"14","author":"Kiorpes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E016","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523817000232","article-title":"Cortical correlates of amblyopia","volume":"35","author":"Kiorpes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2014.00052","article-title":"Fixational eye movements and binocular vision","volume":"8","author":"Otero-Millan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00144","article-title":"Microsaccade characteristics in neurological and ophthalmic disease","volume":"13","author":"Alexander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)54008-7","article-title":"Fixational eye movements in normal and pathological vision","volume":"154","author":"Martinez-Conde","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15882","article-title":"Uncorrected myopic refractive error increases microsaccade amplitude","volume":"56","author":"Ghasia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4188-2","article-title":"Experimental tests of hypotheses for microsaccade generation","volume":"233","author":"Ghasia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.12.6.10","article-title":"Effects of visual blur on microsaccades during visual exploration","volume":"12","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Eye Mov Res"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2018.10.005","article-title":"Reduced amblyopic eye fixation stability cannot be simulated using retinal-defocus-induced reductions in visual acuity","volume":"154","author":"Raveendran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1167\/19.4.9","article-title":"Binocular vision and fixational eye movements","volume":"19","author":"Raveendran","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.20.10.3","article-title":"Reduced fixation stability induced by peripheral viewing does not contribute to crowding","volume":"20","author":"Raveendran","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7458","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10550","article-title":"Effects of strabismic amblyopia and strabismus without amblyopia on visuomotor behavior, I: saccadic eye movements","volume":"53","author":"Niechwiej-Szwedo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7831","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15507","article-title":"Effects of strabismic amblyopia and strabismus without amblyopia on visuomotor behavior: III. Temporal eye-hand coordination during reaching","volume":"55","author":"Niechwiej-Szwedo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4506","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24794","article-title":"Visual search in amblyopia: abnormal fixational eye movements and suboptimal sampling strategies","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120438","article-title":"Reading difficulties in amblyopia: consequence of visual sensory and oculomotor dysfunction","volume":"442","author":"Bhutada","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2023.101168","article-title":"Amblyopia and the whole child","volume":"93","author":"Birch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120373","article-title":"Amblyopia and fixation eye movements","volume":"441","author":"Ghasia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.12.6.9","article-title":"Fixational eye movement waveforms in amblyopia: characteristics of fast and slow eye movements","volume":"12","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Eye Mov Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0149953","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149953","article-title":"Abnormal fixational eye movements in amblyopia","volume":"11","author":"Shaikh","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2015.01.016","article-title":"Characteristics of fixational eye movements in amblyopia: limitations on fixation stability and acuity?","volume":"114","author":"Chung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5386","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9941","article-title":"Eye position stability in amblyopia and in normal binocular vision","volume":"53","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11054","article-title":"A quantitative study of fixation stability in amblyopia","volume":"54","author":"Subramanian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.3.19","article-title":"Multifaceted interactions of stereoacuity, inter-ocular suppression, and fixation eye movement abnormalities in amblyopia and strabismus","volume":"65","author":"Cakir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2023.120721","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity, optotype acuity and fixation eye movement abnormalities in amblyopia under binocular viewing","volume":"451","author":"Dulaney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/jemr18030020","article-title":"Binocular and fellow eye acuity deficits in amblyopia: impact of fixation instability and sensory factors","volume":"18","author":"Haraguchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Eye Mov Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15655","article-title":"Quick phases of infantile nystagmus show the saccadic inhibition effect","volume":"56","author":"Harrison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1167\/4.7.7","article-title":"Congenital nystagmus: hypotheses for its genesis and complex waveforms within a behavioral ocular motor system model","volume":"4","author":"Jacobs","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197509000-00001","article-title":"Visual resolution in congenital pendular nystagmus","volume":"52","author":"Abadi","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6348","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5882","article-title":"Effects of anisometropic amblyopia on visuomotor behavior, I: saccadic eye movements","volume":"51","author":"Niechwiej-Szwedo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"20","key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(00)00146-2","article-title":"The characteristics of dynamic overshoots in square-wave jerks, and in congenital and manifest latent nystagmus","volume":"40","author":"Abadi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5743","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22389","article-title":"Fixational saccades and their relation to fixation instability in strabismic monkeys","volume":"58","author":"Upadhyaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93919-w","article-title":"Fixation eye movement abnormalities and stereopsis recovery following strabismus repair","volume":"11","author":"Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.11.017","article-title":"A randomized trial of a binocular iPad game versus part-time patching in children aged 13 to 16 years with amblyopia","volume":"186","author":"Manh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib43","first-page":"351","article-title":"Congenital, latent and manifest latent nystagmus\u2013similarities, differences and relation to strabismus","volume":"29","author":"Dell'Osso","year":"1985","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0175295","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175295","article-title":"Fixational saccades are more disconjugate in adults than in children","volume":"12","author":"Shaikh","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.06.021","article-title":"Inter-ocular fixation instability of amblyopia: relationship to visual acuity, strabismus, nystagmus, stereopsis, vergence, and age","volume":"267","author":"Ghasia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"27","key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9194","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0515-12.2012","article-title":"Microsaccadic efficacy and contribution to foveal and peripheral vision","volume":"32","author":"McCamy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"14","key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/8.14.15","article-title":"Microsaccades counteract perceptual filling-in","volume":"8","author":"Troncoso","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(03)00084-1","article-title":"Microsaccades uncover the orientation of covert attention","volume":"43","author":"Engbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5.1","DOI":"10.1167\/8.11.5","article-title":"Toward a model of microsaccade generation: the case of microsaccadic inhibition","volume":"8","author":"Rolfs","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06177.x","article-title":"Triggering mechanisms in microsaccade and saccade generation: a novel proposal","volume":"1233","author":"Otero-Millan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"15","key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6175","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1222715110","article-title":"An oculomotor continuum from exploration to fixation","volume":"110","author":"Otero-Millan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0126485","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126485","article-title":"Characteristics of spontaneous square-wave jerks in the healthy macaque monkey during visual fixation","volume":"10","author":"Costela","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01125.2011","article-title":"Similarity of superior colliculus involvement in microsaccade and saccade generation","volume":"107","author":"Hafed","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"32","key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16137","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1901963116","article-title":"Gain control of saccadic eye movements is probabilistic","volume":"116","author":"Lisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00123.2024","article-title":"Latency and amplitude of catch-up saccades to accelerating targets","volume":"133","author":"Dore","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112655","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1112655","article-title":"Multiple step saccades are generated by internal real-time saccadic error correction","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/09273970490489711","article-title":"Latency of saccades, vergence and combined saccade vergence movements in a subject with manifest latent nystagmus","volume":"12","author":"Kapoula","year":"2004","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.2.33","article-title":"Effect of viewing conditions on fixation eye movements and eye alignment in amblyopia","volume":"63","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197803000-00008","article-title":"Processing delays in amblyopic eyes: evidence from saccadic latencies","volume":"55","author":"Ciuffreda","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1167\/16.5.3","article-title":"Saccadic latency in amblyopia","volume":"16","author":"McKee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib62","first-page":"3805","article-title":"Waveform characteristics of manifest latent nystagmus","volume":"41","author":"Abadi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0237346","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237346","article-title":"Part time patching treatment outcomes in children with amblyopia with and without fusion maldevelopment nystagmus: an eye movement study","volume":"15","author":"Scaramuzzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03857.x","article-title":"Effects of visual processing and congenital nystagmus on visually guided ocular motor behaviour","volume":"53","author":"Pel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(74)90815-0","article-title":"Hypometric saccades","volume":"78","author":"Troost","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3702","key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1126\/science.150.3702.1459","article-title":"Microsaccades and the velocity-amplitude relationship for saccadic eye movements","volume":"150","author":"Zuber","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-060909-153135","article-title":"Error correction, sensory prediction, and adaptation in motor control","volume":"33","author":"Shadmehr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199969289.001.0001","volume-title":"The Neurology of Eye Movements","author":"Leigh","year":"2015","edition":"5th ed."}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.6.2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:15Z","timestamp":1791927135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.6.2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.67.6.2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}}}