{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:02:21Z","timestamp":1791928941006,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.8.22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T13:01:01Z","timestamp":1783429261000},"page":"22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Xanthophyll Carotenoid Intake, Plasma Levels, and Retinal Visualization in Aging and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: ALSTAR2"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Curcio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Gooden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy N.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah S.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Goerdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Berlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"McGwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth R.","family":"Sloan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Owsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951786","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/951786","article-title":"Relationship between serum and brain carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol, and retinol concentrations and cognitive performance in the oldest old from the Georgia Centenarian Study","volume":"2013","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Aging Res."},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000389","article-title":"Lutein and preterm infants with decreased concentrations of brain carotenoids","volume":"59","author":"Vishwanathan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr."},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1996.0210","article-title":"Distribution of lutein and zeaxanthin stereoisomers in the human retina","volume":"64","author":"Bone","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res."},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-1192","article-title":"Nutritional manipulation of primate retinas, III: effects of lutein or zeaxanthin supplementation on adipose tissue and retina of xanthophyll-free monkeys","volume":"46","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib5","first-page":"674","article-title":"The macular pigment. II. Spatial distribution in primate retinas","volume":"25","author":"Snodderly","year":"1984","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702780","article-title":"Macular pigment in the human retina: histological evaluation of localization and distribution","volume":"22","author":"Trieschmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)."},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12352","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1922793117","article-title":"Imaging lutein and zeaxanthin in the human retina with confocal resonance Raman microscopy","volume":"117","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.04.001","article-title":"Perifoveal M\u00fcller cell depletion in a case of macular telangiectasia type 2","volume":"117","author":"Powner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.04.013","article-title":"Loss of Muller's cells and photoreceptors in macular telangiectasia type 2","volume":"120","author":"Powner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"bib10","first-page":"156","article-title":"Carotenoid, tocopherol, and retinol concentrations in elderly human brain","volume":"8","author":"Craft","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging."},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(96)00152-6","article-title":"Zeaxanthin (dihydroxy-beta-carotene) but not beta-carotene rigidifies lipid membranes: a 1H-NMR study of carotenoid-egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes","volume":"1285","author":"Gabrielska","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta."},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(99)00031-8","article-title":"The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS): design implications AREDS report no. 1. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group","volume":"20","author":"Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group","year":"1999","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials."},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.05.027","article-title":"The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2): study design and baseline characteristics (AREDS2 report number 1)","volume":"119","author":"AREDS Research Group","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.4997","article-title":"Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial","volume":"309","author":"Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-009-0089-8","article-title":"Competitive inhibition of carotenoid transport and tissue concentrations by high dose supplements of lutein, zeaxanthin and beta-carotene","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr."},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.409","article-title":"Evidence for decreased interaction and improved carotenoid bioavailability by sequential delivery of a supplement","volume":"5","author":"Salter-Venzon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.1640","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of adding lutein\/zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids to the AREDS supplements on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 Report 28","volume":"140","author":"Chew","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.07.014","article-title":"Oral antioxidant and lutein\/zeaxanthin supplements slow geographic atrophy progression to the fovea in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"132","author":"Keenan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.03.027","article-title":"Directional kinetics of geographic atrophy progression in age-related macular degeneration with foveal sparing","volume":"122","author":"Lindner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3456","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26533","article-title":"Foveal sparing in central retinal dystrophies","volume":"60","author":"Bax","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.6.41","article-title":"Standardizing the assessment of macular pigment using a dual-wavelength autofluorescence technique","volume":"8","author":"Green-Gomez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans Vision Sci Tech."},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3616","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21818","article-title":"Correlations between macular, skin, and serum carotenoids","volume":"58","author":"Conrady","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OPX.0000162654.32112.A1","article-title":"Spectral absorbance and spatial distribution of macular pigment using heterochromatic flicker photometry","volume":"82","author":"Wooten","year":"2005","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100060069034","article-title":"Dietary fat and age-related maculopathy","volume":"113","author":"Mares-Perlman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520180037032","article-title":"Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration","volume":"272","author":"Seddon","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc."},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02777-9","article-title":"Dietary fat and fatty acids in relation to risk of colorectal cancer","volume":"61","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr."},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2020.12.008","article-title":"Validation and reproducibility of a short food frequency questionnaire for cardiovascular prevention","volume":"114","author":"Paillard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Cardiovasc Dis."},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e3181f333d6","article-title":"Reliability and validity of food frequency questionnaire and nutrient biomarkers in elders with and without mild cognitive impairment","volume":"25","author":"Bowman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord."},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2008.07.006","article-title":"Xanthophyll (lutein, zeaxanthin) content in fruits, vegetables and corn and egg products","volume":"22","author":"Perry","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Food Comp Analysis."},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.10.022","article-title":"Pistachio consumption increases macular pigment optical density in healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"155","author":"Scott","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2022.100263","article-title":"Macular and plasma xanthophylls are higher in age-related macular degeneration than in normal aging: ALSTAR2 baseline","volume":"3","author":"McGwin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci."},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.3.36","article-title":"Reduced macular pigment optical volume is linked to high-risk OCT biomarkers and lower contrast sensitivity function in iAMD","volume":"67","author":"Nodecker","year":"2026","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01467-0","article-title":"Functionally validated imaging endpoints in the Alabama Study on Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration 2 (ALSTAR2): design and methods","volume":"20","author":"Curcio","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.7.17","article-title":"How vision is impaired from aging to early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration: insights from ALSTAR2 baseline","volume":"11","author":"Owsley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trans Vis Sci Technol."},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100274","article-title":"Biologically guided optimization of test target location for rod-mediated dark adaptation in age-related macular degeneration: Alabama Study on Early Age-related Macular Degeneration 2 baseline","volume":"3","author":"Owsley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci."},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.06.013","article-title":"Delayed rod-mediated dark adaptation is associated with incidence and early progression of age-related macular degeneration: Alabama Study on Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration 2","volume":"132","author":"Owsley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01825-1","article-title":"A computerized method of visual acuity testing: adaptation of the early treatment of diabetic retinopathy study testing protocol","volume":"135","author":"Beck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib38","first-page":"A27","article-title":"High resolution HPLC method for the simultaneous analysis of carotenoids, retinoids, and tocopherols","volume":"10","author":"Craft","year":"1996","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000893","article-title":"Reproducibility of macular pigment optical density measurement by two-wavelength autofluorescence in a clinical setting","volume":"36","author":"You","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina."},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods."},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.14.8.32","article-title":"Advanced analysis tools for two wavelength autofluorescence imaging of macular xanthophyll carotenoids: ALSTAR2 baseline","volume":"14","author":"Berlin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol."},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"AMD65","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23764","article-title":"Patterns of fundus autofluorescence lifetimes in eyes of individuals with nonexudative age-related macular degeneration","volume":"59","author":"Sauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-020-00716-5","article-title":"Spatial distribution of macular pigment estimated by autofluorescence imaging in elderly Japanese individuals","volume":"64","author":"Obana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.8.23","article-title":"In vivo correlation between macular pigment optical volume and retinal layers thickness","volume":"65","author":"Cozzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101028","article-title":"Longitudinal study of macular preservation and geographic atrophy progression in AREDS2","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci."},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.8.46","article-title":"Local abundance of macular xanthophyll pigment is associated with rod- and cone-mediated vision in aging and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"61","author":"Kar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.3.61","article-title":"Topographic analysis of two wavelength autofluorescence supports higher macular xanthophyll pigment in age-related macular degeneration than aging: ALSTAR2 baseline","volume":"66","author":"Goerdt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5347","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21192","article-title":"The impact of supplemental antioxidants on visual function in nonadvanced age-related macular degeneration: a head-to-head randomized clinical trial","volume":"58","author":"Akuffo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-014-2811-3","article-title":"Macular response to supplementation with differing xanthophyll formulations in subjects with and without age-related macular degeneration","volume":"253","author":"Thurnham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12882","article-title":"Investigation of the relationship between macular pigment levels and rod-mediated dark adaptation in intermediate age-related macular degeneration","volume":"102","author":"Beirne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom."},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e30","article-title":"Macular pigment optical density in the Korean population: a cross sectional study","volume":"35","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci."},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e573","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2011.02170.x","article-title":"Assessment of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in patients with unilateral wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD)","volume":"89","author":"Tsika","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.05.057","article-title":"Macular pigment density and aging, assessed in the normal elderly and those with cataracts and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"138","author":"Ciulla","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib55","first-page":"1928","article-title":"Macular pigment and melanin in age-related maculopathy in a general population","volume":"43","author":"Berendschot","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_365_16","article-title":"Comparison of macular pigment optical density in patients with dry and wet age-related macular degeneration","volume":"65","author":"Ozyurt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-025-07056-5","article-title":"Assessing the role of macular pigment optical volume in non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration: associations with rod-mediated dark adaptation and disease progression","volume":"264","author":"Stettler","year":"2026","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddab140","article-title":"Human photoreceptor cells from different macular subregions have distinct transcriptional profiles","volume":"30","author":"Voigt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet."},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.2.46","article-title":"Immunohistochemistry and spatial density of Muller cells in the human fovea","volume":"66","author":"Masri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001069","article-title":"Lamellar hole-associated epiretinal proliferation: a clinicopathologic correlation","volume":"36","author":"Pang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina."},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5157","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22347","article-title":"Evidence of carotenoid in surgically removed lamellar hole-associated epiretinal proliferation","volume":"58","author":"Obana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00290-1","article-title":"Sex differences in macular pigment optical density: relation to plasma carotenoid concentrations and dietary patterns","volume":"36","author":"Hammond","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.14.001187","article-title":"Individual variations in the spatial profile of human macular pigment","volume":"14","author":"Hammond","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am A."},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2494","article-title":"Foveal anatomic associations with the secondary peak and the slope of the macular pigment spatial profile","volume":"50","author":"Kirby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6722","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5344","article-title":"A central dip in the macular pigment spatial profile is associated with age and smoking","volume":"51","author":"Kirby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(97)00079-8","article-title":"Ontogeny of the primate fovea: a central issue in retinal development","volume":"54","author":"Provis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol."},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(84)34247-6","article-title":"The morphological development of the human fovea","volume":"91","author":"Hendrickson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.05.007","article-title":"Histologic development of the human fovea from midgestation to maturity","volume":"154","author":"Hendrickson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3767","article-title":"Intrinsically different retinal progenitor cells produce specific types of progeny","volume":"15","author":"Cepko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.03.006","article-title":"The primate fovea: Structure, function and development","volume":"66","author":"Bringmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10867","article-title":"Genetic determinants of macular pigments in women of the Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study","volume":"54","author":"Meyers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13216","article-title":"Genetic evidence for role of carotenoids in age-related macular degeneration in the Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS)","volume":"55","author":"Meyers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.038240","article-title":"The putative role of lutein and zeaxanthin as protective agents against age-related macular degeneration: promise of molecular genetics for guiding mechanistic and translational research in the field","volume":"96","author":"SanGiovanni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"AMD182","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24883","article-title":"Antecedents of soft drusen, the specific deposit of age-related macular degeneration, in the biology of human macula","volume":"59","author":"Curcio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.2.26","article-title":"Topographic distribution and progression of soft drusen in age-related macular degeneration implicate neurobiology of the fovea","volume":"62","author":"Pollreisz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.3.4","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration, a mathematically tractable disease","volume":"65","author":"Curcio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9619","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10183-7","article-title":"Localization and orientation of xanthophylls in a lipid bilayer","volume":"7","author":"Grudzinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports."},{"key":"bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.8.1887","article-title":"Lutein bioavailability is higher from lutein-enriched eggs than from supplements and spinach in men","volume":"134","author":"Chung","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9090919","article-title":"Avocado consumption increases macular pigment density in older adults: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Scott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.05.024","article-title":"Systemic effects of prenatal carotenoid supplementation in the mother and her child: the Lutein and Zeaxanthin in Pregnancy (L-ZIP) Randomized Trial - Report Number 1","volume":"153","author":"Addo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101083","article-title":"Carotenoid status and psychological impact of presymptomatic macular degeneration genetic risk assessment: the MAGENTA randomized trial","volume":"6","author":"Addo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci."},{"key":"bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030602","article-title":"Lifestyle intervention randomized controlled trial for age-related macular degeneration (AMD-Life): study design","volume":"15","author":"de Koning-Backus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(93)31634-9","article-title":"The relationship of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors to age-related maculopathy. The Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"100","author":"Klein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.03.013","article-title":"Five-year incidence, progression, and risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: the age, gene\/environment susceptibility study","volume":"121","author":"Jonasson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90973","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090973","article-title":"Elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and age-related macular degeneration: the Alienor study","volume":"9","author":"Cougnard-Gregoire","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.09.045","article-title":"Increased high density lipoprotein-levels associated with age-related macular degeneration. evidence from the EYE-RISK and E3 consortia","volume":"126","author":"Colijn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2013.06.004","article-title":"Aging affects high-density lipoprotein composition and function","volume":"1831","author":"Holzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta."},{"key":"bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac605","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein revisited: biological functions and clinical relevance","volume":"44","author":"von Eckardstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"uua015","DOI":"10.1093\/ajeadv\/uuaf015","article-title":"Association of HDL cholesterol with incident age-related macular degeneration and mortality: using an illness-death model for interval-censored data to account for the competing risk of death","volume":"1","author":"Kayembe-Mulumba","year":"2025","journal-title":"AJE Adv Res Epidemiol."},{"key":"bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92309-6","article-title":"Influence of lens opacities and cataract severity on quantitative fundus autofluorescence as a secondary outcome of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Reiter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.3.13","article-title":"Personalized lens correction improves quantitative fundus autofluorescence analysis","volume":"65","author":"von der Emde","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0298132","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298132","article-title":"Deep learning-based correction of cataract-induced influence on macular pigment optical density measurement by autofluorescence spectroscopy","volume":"19","author":"Obana","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19141","article-title":"The impact of cataract, and its surgical removal, on measures of macular pigment using the Heidelberg Spectralis HRA+OCT MultiColor Device","volume":"57","author":"Akuffo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0933","article-title":"Spatial profile of macular pigment and its relationship to foveal architecture","volume":"49","author":"Nolan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib39","volume-title":"Chromatographic techniques for carotenoid separation. Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry","author":"Craft","year":"2001"},{"key":"bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17226\/9810","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids","author":"Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.8.22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:16Z","timestamp":1791927136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.8.22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.67.8.22","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}}}