{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:02:47Z","timestamp":1791928967914,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.8.61","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:30:42Z","timestamp":1785425442000},"page":"61","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Shared Genetic Basis Underlying Myopia\u2013Exotropia Comorbidity"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Yuze","family":"Mi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Eye Hospital and National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengbo","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Eye Hospital and National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaokai","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Eye Hospital and National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yebao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liuzhou People's Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinnan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Eye Hospital and National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinni","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Eye Hospital and National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanggang","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zirong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyao","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Eye Hospital and National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghui","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Eye Hospital and National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/09273972.2019.1604773","article-title":"Global and regional prevalence of strabismus: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Hashemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.06.053","article-title":"Factors associated with a previous diagnosis of strabismus in a population-based sample of 12-year-old Australian children","volume":"142","author":"Robaei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.10.009","article-title":"The development of myopia among children with intermittent exotropia","volume":"149","author":"Ekdawi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49","article-title":"The complications of myopia: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Haarman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.10.029","article-title":"Potential lost productivity resulting from the global burden of myopia: systematic review, meta-analysis, and modeling","volume":"126","author":"Naidoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2023.09.005","article-title":"Impact of vision impairment and ocular morbidity and their treatment on quality of life in children: a systematic review","volume":"131","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.13.22","article-title":"IMI\u2014Myopia genetics report","volume":"66","author":"Voogelaar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233866","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2023.1233866","article-title":"Genetics of strabismus","volume":"3","author":"Martinez Sanchez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Ophthalmol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-019-02022-8","article-title":"A commonly occurring genetic variant within the NPLOC4\u2013TSPAN10\u2013PDE6G gene cluster is associated with the risk of strabismus","volume":"138","author":"Plotnikov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0599-0","article-title":"Meta-analysis of 542,934 subjects of European ancestry identifies new genes and mechanisms predisposing to refractive error and myopia","volume":"52","author":"Hysi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.6782","article-title":"Presence of copy number variants associated with esotropia in patients with exotropia","volume":"142","author":"Martinez Sanchez","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.03.004","article-title":"Intermittent exotropia and accommodative esotropia: distinct disorders or two ends of a spectrum?","volume":"122","author":"Brodsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.07.015","article-title":"Commonly occurring genetic polymorphisms with a major impact on the risk of nonsyndromic strabismus: replication in a sample from Finland","volume":"26","author":"Plotnikov","year":"2022","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7890","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62456-9","article-title":"Large-scale GWAS of strabismus identifies risk loci and provides support for a link with maternal smoking","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7726","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0579-z","article-title":"The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data","volume":"562","author":"Bycroft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104161","article-title":"Genome-wide association meta-analysis of 88,250 individuals highlights pleiotropic mechanisms of five ocular diseases in UK Biobank","volume":"82","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"7944","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05473-8","article-title":"FinnGen provides genetic insights from a well-phenotyped isolated population","volume":"613","author":"Kurki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.06.032","article-title":"Risk factors associated with childhood strabismus: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease and Baltimore pediatric eye disease studies","volume":"118","author":"Cotter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35177","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35177","article-title":"Refractive errors and concomitant strabismus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.05.072","article-title":"Incidence and types of childhood esotropia: a population-based study","volume":"114","author":"Greenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1159\/000063850","article-title":"Consecutive exotropia following strabismus surgery","volume":"216","author":"Oguz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20170703-15","article-title":"Time and factors affecting the direction of re-drift in essential infantile esotropia","volume":"55","author":"Na","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672118769787","article-title":"Clinical and surgical risk factors for consecutive exotropia","volume":"29","author":"Bryselbout","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13742-015-0047-8","article-title":"Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets","volume":"4","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3406","article-title":"An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits","volume":"47","author":"Bulik-Sullivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02317-2","article-title":"Causal associations between risk factors and common diseases inferred from GWAS summary data","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10310-0","article-title":"Bivariate causal mixture model quantifies polygenic overlap between complex traits beyond genetic correlation","volume":"10","author":"Frei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0653-y","article-title":"High-definition likelihood inference of genetic correlations across human complex traits","volume":"52","author":"Ning","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01017-y","article-title":"An integrated framework for local genetic correlation analysis","volume":"54","author":"Werme","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-017-0009-4","article-title":"Multi-trait analysis of genome-wide association summary statistics using MTAG","volume":"50","author":"Turley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004787","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004787","article-title":"GPA: a statistical approach to prioritizing GWAS results by integrating pleiotropy and annotation","volume":"10","author":"Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009218","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009218","article-title":"A powerful method for pleiotropic analysis under composite null hypothesis identifies novel shared loci between type 2 diabetes and prostate cancer","volume":"16","author":"Ray","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"16","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4521","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaa570","article-title":"Metasubtract: an R-package to analytically produce leave-one-out meta-analysis GWAS summary statistics","volume":"36","author":"Nolte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"6706","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadj1182","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adj1182","article-title":"Diversity and scale: genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program","volume":"385","author":"Verma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004383","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004383","article-title":"Bayesian test for colocalisation between pairs of genetic association studies using summary statistics","volume":"10","author":"Giambartolomei","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"7539","key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13835","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic fine mapping of causal autoimmune disease variants","volume":"518","author":"Farh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btab614","article-title":"FIVEx: an interactive eQTL browser across public datasets","volume":"38","author":"Kwong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.12.082","article-title":"Integration of eQTL and a single-cell atlas in the human eye identifies causal genes for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"30","author":"Orozco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3538","article-title":"Integration of summary data from GWAS and eQTL studies predicts complex trait gene targets","volume":"48","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0351-9","article-title":"Retinal transcriptome and eQTL analyses identify genes associated with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"51","author":"Ratnapriya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04558-1","article-title":"Identifying gene targets for brain-related traits using transcriptomic and methylomic data from blood","volume":"9","author":"Qi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7808","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2157-4","article-title":"Construction of a human cell landscape at single-cell level","volume":"581","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3192","article-title":"Spatial reconstruction of single-cell gene expression data","volume":"33","author":"Satija","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"D1","key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D1086","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac942","article-title":"OrganoidDB: a comprehensive organoid database for the multi-perspective exploration of bulk and single-cell transcriptomic profiles of organoids","volume":"51","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5168","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9785","article-title":"Differences in gene expression between strabismic and normal human extraocular muscles","volume":"53","author":"Altick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8099","key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-10014-0","article-title":"Advancing regulatory variant effect prediction with AlphaGenome","volume":"649","author":"Avsec","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1999.00437.x","article-title":"Response AC\/A ratios are elevated in myopic children","volume":"19","author":"Gwiazda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OPX.0000159363.07082.7D","article-title":"Accommodation, accommodative convergence, and response AC\/A ratios before and at the onset of myopia in children","volume":"82","author":"Gwiazda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19093","article-title":"The response AC\/A ratio before and after the onset of myopia","volume":"58","author":"Mutti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2011.02313.x","article-title":"Evidence that convergence rather than accommodation controls intermittent distance exotropia","volume":"90","author":"Horwood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513062","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1513062","article-title":"Effects of basic type of intermittent exotropia on myopic shift in children: a 12-month observational study","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3142","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26231","article-title":"Determining possible shared genetic architecture between myopia and primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"60","author":"Iglesias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.2762","article-title":"Association between myopic refractive error and primary open-angle glaucoma: a 2-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"140","author":"Choquet","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.01.004","article-title":"Gene and phenome-based analysis of the shared genetic architecture of eye diseases","volume":"112","author":"Scalici","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93131-w","article-title":"Prevalence of strabismus and its risk factors among school aged children: the Hong Kong Children Eye Study","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.11.022","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of strabismus by age group in Japan: a nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"262","author":"Miyata","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7274-6_22","article-title":"Cross-phenotype association analysis using summary statistics from GWAS","volume-title":"Statistical Human Genetics: Methods and Protocols","author":"Li","year":"2017","edition":"2nd ed."}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.8.61","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:23Z","timestamp":1791927143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.8.61"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.67.8.61","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]}}}