{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:02:16Z","timestamp":1791928936349,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.8.64","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:30:50Z","timestamp":1785511850000},"page":"64","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantitative Evaluation of Geographic Atrophy Progression Using Geographic Atrophy Lesion Front Displacement"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Shinichiro","family":"Chujo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu City, Mie, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiwon","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihito","family":"Uji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uji Eye Clinic, Yokkaichi City, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Quarta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University \u201cG. d'Annunzio\u201d Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chien","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunduck","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ceren","family":"Soylu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rouzbeh","family":"Abbasgholizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Alhelaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Tanta University, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raiyna","family":"Rattu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States"},{"name":"Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Corradetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swetha","family":"Velaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muneeswar Gupta","family":"Nittala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivas R.","family":"Sadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1988.106","article-title":"Evolution of geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"2","author":"Sarks","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.08.038","article-title":"The progression of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration","volume":"125","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.317","article-title":"Change in area of geographic atrophy in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study: AREDS report number 26","volume":"127","author":"Lindblad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-090413-025610","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration: genetics and biology coming together","volume":"15","author":"Fritsche","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.08.018","article-title":"Inhibition of complement factor 3 in geographic atrophy with NGM621: phase 1 dose-escalation study results","volume":"235","author":"Wykoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001392","article-title":"The pathophysiology of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration and the complement pathway as a therapeutic target","volume":"37","author":"Boyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib8","first-page":"S2","article-title":"Geographic atrophy: mechanism of disease, pathophysiology, and role of the complement system","volume":"29","author":"Bakri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Manag Care Spec Pharm"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.2914","article-title":"Progression of photoreceptor degeneration in geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration","volume":"138","author":"Pfau","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.4659","article-title":"A deep-learning algorithm to predict short-term progression to geographic atrophy on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"141","author":"Dow","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.11.34","article-title":"Evaluating the progression of retinal sensitivity loss in geographic atrophy using machine-learning-based structure-function correlation (OMEGA 2)","volume":"66","author":"Ansari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000001085","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for geographic atrophy: pearls and pitfalls","volume":"35","author":"Enzendorfer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.06.025","article-title":"Evaluation of geographic atrophy from color photographs and fundus autofluorescence images: Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Report Number 11","volume":"123","author":"Domalpally","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001949","article-title":"Reliability of confocal white-light fundus imaging for measurement of retina pigment epithelial atrophy in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"38","author":"Lei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.07.047","article-title":"Circularity index as a risk factor for progression of geographic atrophy","volume":"120","author":"Domalpally","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002206","article-title":"Prognostic value of shape-descriptive factors for the progression of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration","volume":"39","author":"Pfau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.572","article-title":"Square root transformation of geographic atrophy area measurements to eliminate dependence of growth rates on baseline lesion measurements: a reanalysis of Age-Related Eye Disease Study Report No. 26","volume":"131","author":"Feuer","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02497-w","article-title":"Avacincaptad pegol for geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration: 18-month findings from the GATHER1 trial","volume":"37","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.12.002","article-title":"Geographic atrophy growth is strongly related to lesion perimeter: unifying effects of lesion area, number, and circularity on growth","volume":"5","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2022.100156","article-title":"Comparing accuracies of length-type geographic atrophy growth rate metrics using atrophy-front growth modeling","volume":"2","author":"Moult","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04368-1","article-title":"Directional kinetics analysis of the progression of geographic atrophy","volume":"257","author":"Uji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.113","article-title":"Parametric image alignment using enhanced correlation coefficient maximization","volume":"30","author":"Evangelidis","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.08.018","article-title":"Progression of geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration imaged with spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"118","author":"Yehoshua","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.05.028","article-title":"Progression of geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration: AREDS2 Report Number 16","volume":"125","author":"Keenan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90340-8","article-title":"Enlargement of atrophy and visual acuity loss in the geographic atrophy form of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"106","author":"Sunness","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.13.28","article-title":"Local progression kinetics of geographic atrophy depends upon the border location","volume":"62","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.08.017","article-title":"Disease activity and therapeutic response to pegcetacoplan for geographic atrophy identified by deep learning-based analysis of OCT","volume":"132","author":"Schmidt-Erfurth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01520-9","article-title":"OAKS and DERBY Study Investigators. Pegcetacoplan for the treatment of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration (OAKS and DERBY): two multicentre, randomised, double-masked, sham-controlled, phase 3 trials","volume":"402","author":"Heier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.08.018","article-title":"Deep learning to predict geographic atrophy area and growth rate from multimodal imaging","volume":"7","author":"Anegondi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100635","article-title":"Deep learning to predict the future growth of geographic atrophy from fundus autofluorescence","volume":"5","author":"Salvi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.02.009","article-title":"A deep learning model for segmentation of geographic atrophy to study its long-term natural history","volume":"127","author":"Liefers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902920402","article-title":"Human photoreceptor topography","volume":"292","author":"Curcio","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.3.4","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration, a mathematically tractable disease","volume":"65","author":"Curcio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01467-0","article-title":"Functionally validated imaging endpoints in the Alabama study on early age-related macular degeneration 2 (ALSTAR2): design and methods","volume":"20","author":"Curcio","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.8.64","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:23Z","timestamp":1791927143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.67.8.64"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.67.8.64","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]}}}