{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T14:04:39Z","timestamp":1792850679990,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636416000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Vision"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/jov.21.12.5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T15:30:59Z","timestamp":1636471859000},"page":"5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A comparison of reading, in people with simulated and actual central vision loss, with static text, horizontally scrolling text, and rapid serial visual presentation"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Farah","family":"Akthar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, UK"},{"name":"farah.akthar@rhul.ac.uk"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City, University of London, London, UK"},{"name":"hannahvharvey@gmail.com"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahalya","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City, University of London, London, UK"},{"name":"ahalya.subramanian.1@city.ac.ukhttps:\/\/www.city.ac.uk\/about\/people\/academics\/ahalya-subramanian"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Liversedge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, UK"},{"name":"spliversedge@uclan.ac.ukhttps:\/\/www.uclan.ac.uk\/academics\/professor-simon-liversedge"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, UK"},{"name":"robin.walker@rhul.ac.ukhttps:\/\/pure.royalholloway.ac.uk\/portal\/en\/persons\/robin-walker_3c66dd6c-cfb3-46dc-8289-33485bf88ad6.html"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.5406\/amerjpsyc.130.2.0183","article-title":"Modern speed-reading apps do not foster reading comprehension","volume":"130","author":"Acklin","year":"2017","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychology,"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.02.010","article-title":"Gaze-contingent simulation of retinopathy: some potential pitfalls and remedies","volume":"51","author":"Aguilar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197611000-00006","article-title":"New design principles for visual acuity letter charts","volume":"53","author":"Bailey","year":"1976","journal-title":"Optometry and Vision Science,"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.12.043","article-title":"Rapid serial visual presentation in reading: The case of Spritz","volume":"45","author":"Benedetto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior,"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152506","article-title":"A new font, specifically designed for peripheral vision, improves peripheral letter and word recognition, but not eye-mediated reading performance","volume":"11","author":"Bernard","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One,"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80325","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080325","article-title":"Enhanced text spacing improves reading performance in individuals with macular disease","volume":"8","author":"Blackmore-Wright","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One,"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200403000-00013","article-title":"Preferred retinal locus and reading rate with four dynamic text presentation formats","volume":"81","author":"Bowers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Optometry and Vision Science,"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(72)90119-8","article-title":"Resolution thresholds for moving targets at the fovea and in the peripheral retina","volume":"12","author":"Brown","year":"1972","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/36474","article-title":"Saccades without eye movements: Site of particle selection in a bivalve mollusc","volume":"390","author":"Buchardt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature,"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03329859","article-title":"Characterization of gliding text as a reading stimulus","volume":"23","author":"Buettner","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society,"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199502000-00011","article-title":"Reading and eye movements in age-related maculopathy","volume":"72","author":"Bullimore","year":"1995","journal-title":"Optometry & Vision Science,"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-5056","article-title":"Wet versus dry age-related macular degeneration in patients with central field loss: Different effects on maximum reading speed","volume":"52","author":"Calabr\u00e8se","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science,"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3638","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13408","article-title":"Eye movements and reading speed in macular disease: the shrinking perceptual span hypothesis requires and is supported by a mediation analysis","volume":"55","author":"Calabr\u00e8se","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science,"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19318","article-title":"Clustering of eye fixations: a new oculomotor determinant of reading speed in maculopathy","volume":"57","author":"Calabr\u00e8se","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science,"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00208.2017","article-title":"Enhanced brain responses to color during smooth-pursuit eye movements","volume":"118","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology,"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523805222071","article-title":"Functional and cortical adaptations to central vision loss","volume":"22","author":"Cheung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Visual Neuroscience,"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib17","first-page":"1270","article-title":"The effect of letter spacing on reading speed in central and peripheral vision","volume":"43","author":"Chung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science,"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6034","article-title":"Improving reading speed for people with central vision loss through perceptual learning","volume":"52","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science,"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12664","article-title":"Reading in the presence of macular disease: A mini-review","volume":"40","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics,"},{"issue":"19","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00072-8","article-title":"Psychophysics of reading. XVIII. The effect of print size on reading speed in normal peripheral vision","volume":"38","author":"Chung","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.03.027","article-title":"Preferred retinal locus development in patients with macular disease","volume":"112","author":"Crossland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology,"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2004.00213.x","article-title":"Fixation stability and reading speed in patients with newly developed macular disease","volume":"24","author":"Crossland","year":"2004a","journal-title":"Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics,"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.01.006","article-title":"Evaluation of a new quantitative technique to assess the number and extent of preferred retinal loci in macular disease","volume":"44","author":"Crossland","year":"2004b","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12136","article-title":"Smartphone, tablet computer and e-reader use by people with vision impairment","volume":"34","author":"Crossland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics,"},{"issue":"27","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00354-1","article-title":"Reading with multiple preferred retinal loci: Implications for training a more efficient reading strategy","volume":"42","author":"Deruaz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1504\/IJHFE.2018.096118","article-title":"Rapid serial visual presentation: Degradation of inferential reading comprehension as a function of speed","volume":"5","author":"Di Nocera","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics,"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18458","article-title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of an established community-based eccentric viewing rehabilitation training model-the EValuation Study","volume":"57","author":"Dickinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science,"},{"issue":"16","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00053-X","article-title":"Combined use of several preferred retinal loci in patients with macular disorders when reading single words","volume":"39","author":"Duret","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib29","first-page":"2566","article-title":"Demographic characteristics of the vision-disabled elderly","volume":"38","author":"Elliott","year":"1997","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science,"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.12.002286","article-title":"Scrolled and rapid serial visual presentation texts are read at similar rates by the visually impaired","volume":"12","author":"Fine","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Optics and Image Science, and Vision,"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib32","first-page":"390","article-title":"Visually impaired observers require a larger window than normally sighted observers to read from a scroll display","volume":"67","author":"Fine","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association,"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199803000-00024","article-title":"Benefits of rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) over scrolled text vary with letter size","volume":"75","author":"Fine","year":"1998","journal-title":"Optometry & Vision Science,"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00208-9","article-title":"Reading with simulated scotomas: attending to the right is better than attending to the left","volume":"39","author":"Fine","year":"1999a","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"issue":"25","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4274","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00132-7","article-title":"The effects of simulated cataract on reading with normal vision and simulated central scotoma","volume":"39","author":"Fine","year":"1999b","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197609","article-title":"Rapid processing of the meaning of sentences","volume":"8","author":"Fischler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition,"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30260-7","article-title":"Preferred retinal loci relationship to macular scotomas in a low-vision population","volume":"104","author":"Fletcher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthalmology,"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib38","first-page":"356","article-title":"Relative locations of macular scotomas near the PRL: Effect on low vision reading","volume":"36","author":"Fletcher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development,"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210208","article-title":"Visual perception of rapidly presented word sequences of varying complexity","volume":"8","author":"Forster","year":"1970","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics,"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12132","article-title":"How effective is eccentric viewing training? A systematic literature review","volume":"34","author":"Gaffney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics,"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/36478","article-title":"Saccades without eye movements","volume":"390","author":"Gilchrist","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature,"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3233\/TAD-2004-16403","article-title":"The MoviText method: Efficient pre-optical reading training in persons with central visual field loss","volume":"6","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Technology and Disability,"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199803000-00023","article-title":"Psychophysics of reading. XVII. Low-vision performance with four types of electronically magnified text","volume":"75","author":"Harland","year":"1998","journal-title":"Optometry and Vision Science,"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001411","article-title":"Increased word spacing improves performance for reading scrolling text with central vision loss","volume":"96","author":"Harvey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optometry and Vision Science,"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib45","first-page":"518","article-title":"Oculomotor and linguistic processing effects in reading dynamic horizontally scrolling text","volume":"43","author":"Harvey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2014.03.009","article-title":"Reading with peripheral vision: A comparison of reading dynamic scrolling and static text with a simulated central scotoma","volume":"98","author":"Harvey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00309327","article-title":"Eye movements and spatial coding in reading","volume":"44","author":"Kennedy","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychological Research,"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib49","first-page":"354","article-title":"Visual short-term memory during smooth pursuit eye movements","volume":"31","author":"Kerzel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(00)00295-9","article-title":"Psychophysics of reading. XX. Linking letter recognition to reading speed in central and peripheral vision","volume":"41","author":"Legge","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(85)90117-8","article-title":"Psychophysics of reading\u2013I. Normal vision","volume":"25","author":"Legge","year":"1985a","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198912000-00008","article-title":"Psychophysics of reading. VIII. The Minnesota low-vision reading test","volume":"66","author":"Legge","year":"1989","journal-title":"Optometry and Vision Science,"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(85)90118-X","article-title":"Psychophysics of reading\u2013II. Low vision","volume":"25","author":"Legge","year":"1985b","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/8.5.6","article-title":"Adaptive strategies for reading with a forced retinal location","volume":"8","author":"Lingnau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.20.13.5","article-title":"We don't all look the same; detailed examination of peripheral looking strategies after simulated central vision loss","volume":"20","author":"Maniglia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-013-0527-8","article-title":"Aging and the use of interword spaces during reading: Evidence from eye movements","volume":"21","author":"McGowan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin and Review,"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/0264619619889998","article-title":"Dynamic text presentation on smart glasses: A pilot evaluation in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"38","author":"Moshtael","year":"2020","journal-title":"British Journal of Visual Impairment,"},{"issue":"16","key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(03)00219-0","article-title":"Patients with AMD and a large absolute central scotoma can be trained successfully to use eccentric viewing, as demonstrated in a scanning laser ophthalmoscope","volume":"43","author":"Nilsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00168266","article-title":"Rehabilitation of the visually handicapped with advanced macular degeneration","volume":"62","author":"Nilsson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Documenta Ophthalmologica,"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6549-8","article-title":"Read-Right: A \u201cweb app\u201d that improves reading speeds in patients with hemianopia","volume":"259","author":"Ong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology,"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.152231","article-title":"Effective rehabilitation of reading by training in the technique of eccentric viewing: evaluation of a 4-year programme of service delivery","volume":"94","author":"Palmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Journal of Ophthalmology,"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200001000-00011","article-title":"Reading with eccentric fixation is faster in inferior visual field than in left visual field","volume":"77","author":"Petre","year":"2000","journal-title":"Optometry & Vision Science,"},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2020.03.006","article-title":"Asymmetries of reading eye movements in simulated central vision loss","volume":"171","author":"Prahalad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.124.3.372","article-title":"Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research","volume":"124","author":"Rayner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin,"},{"issue":"4417","key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1126\/science.504987","article-title":"Reading without a fovea","volume":"206","author":"Rayner","year":"1979","journal-title":"Science,"},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.12.047","article-title":"Not so fast: A reply to Benedetto et al. (2015)","volume":"69","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior,"},{"issue":"pt 3","key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2001.148","article-title":"Vision rehabilitation for patients with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"15","author":"Rubin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eye (London),"},{"key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2013.02.015","article-title":"Measuring reading performance","volume":"90","author":"Rubin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(92)90032-E","article-title":"Reading without saccadic eye movements","volume":"32","author":"Rubin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90129-5","article-title":"Low vision reading with sequential word presentation","volume":"34","author":"Rubin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78420-0","article-title":"The inhibitory effect of word neighborhood size when reading with central field loss is modulated by word predictability and reading proficiency","volume":"10","author":"Sauvan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports,"},{"issue":"18","key":"bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.06.005","article-title":"Page mode reading with simulated scotomas: oculo-motor patterns","volume":"48","author":"Scherlen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-011-0219-2","article-title":"Parafoveal processing in reading","volume":"74","author":"Schotter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Attention, Perception & Psychophysics,"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797614531148","article-title":"Don't believe what you read (only once): Comprehension is supported by regressions during reading","volume":"25","author":"Schotter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Science,"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.49.9.870","article-title":"Adaptation to macular scotomas in persons with low vision","volume":"49","author":"Schuchard","year":"1995","journal-title":"The American Journal of Occupational Therapy,"},{"key":"bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2018.12.002","article-title":"The influence of word frequency on word reading speed when individuals with macular diseases read text","volume":"155","author":"Stolowy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2012.09.017","article-title":"Courier: a better font for reading with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"48","author":"Tarita-Nistor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology,"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib82","first-page":"1268","article-title":"Reading with a macular scotoma. II. Retinal locus for scanning text","volume":"28","author":"Timberlake","year":"1987","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science,"},{"issue":"10)","key":"bib83","first-page":"1","article-title":"Saccadic and smooth-pursuit eye movements during reading of drifting texts","volume":"13","author":"Valsecchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-302415","article-title":"An iPad app as a low-vision aid for people with macular disease","volume":"97","author":"Walker","year":"2013","journal-title":"British Journal of Ophthalmology,"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12296","article-title":"The value of Tablets as reading aids for individuals with central visual field loss: An evaluation of eccentric reading with static and scrolling text","volume":"36","author":"Walker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics,"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(98)00004-9","article-title":"Saccadic eye movement and working memory deficits following damage to human prefrontal cortex","volume":"36","author":"Walker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia,"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19859-0","article-title":"Word Mode: A crowding-free reading protocol for individuals with macular disease","volume":"8","author":"Wallis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific Reports,"},{"key":"bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2014.01.005","article-title":"Adaptation to a simulated central scotoma during visual search training","volume":"96","author":"Walsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib90","first-page":"1149","article-title":"The oculomotor reference in humans with bilateral macular disease","volume":"31","author":"White","year":"1990","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science,"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib91","first-page":"268","article-title":"Eccentric fixation with macular scotoma","volume":"29","author":"Whittaker","year":"1988","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science,"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(91)90173-3","article-title":"Saccade control without a fovea","volume":"31","author":"Whittaker","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"key":"bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27259","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-021-10899-9","article-title":"Towards accessible news reading design in virtual reality for low vision","volume":"80","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications,"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198524793.001.0001","volume-title":"Active vision: The psychology of looking and seeing","author":"Findlay","year":"2003"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-70113-8.50071-0","article-title":"Reading with and without eye movements","volume-title":"Eye movements: From physiology to cognition","author":"Juola","year":"1987"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(09)51009-2","article-title":"Toward a comprehensive model of comprehension","volume-title":"Psychology of learning and motivation","author":"McNamara","year":"2009"},{"key":"bib64","first-page":"91","article-title":"Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP): A method for studying language processing","volume-title":"New methods in reading comprehension research","author":"Potter","year":"1984"},{"key":"bib65","first-page":"395","article-title":"Comprehension and memory in rapid sequential reading","volume-title":"Attention and performance VIII","author":"Potter","year":"1980"},{"key":"bib80","volume-title":"York assessment of reading for comprehension-secondary (YARC secondary)","author":"Stothard","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib89","first-page":"317","article-title":"Near training techniques","volume-title":"Understanding low vision","author":"Watson","year":"1983"}],"container-title":["Journal of Vision"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jov.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2778057","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T15:32:16Z","timestamp":1636471936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jov.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2778057"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/jov.21.12.5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1534-7362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1534-7362","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]}}}