{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:49:57Z","timestamp":1792590597965,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Vision"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/jov.26.10.21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:30:42Z","timestamp":1792589442000},"page":"21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["On Randolph Blake"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sam","family":"Ling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"samling@bu.edu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan W.","family":"Brascamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"},{"name":"brascamp@msu.edu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"},{"name":"frank.tong@vanderbilt.edu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1038\/14814","article-title":"Neural strength of visual attention gauged by motion adaptation","volume":"2","author":"Alais","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"14","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.25.14.19","article-title":"Breakthrough thresholds in continuous flash suppression are tuned to mask temporal frequency but suppression depth is constant","volume":"25","author":"Alais","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1967.sp008360","article-title":"The neural mechanism of binocular depth discrimination","volume":"193","author":"Barlow","year":"1967","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology,"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.25.10.17","article-title":"Color contrast adaptation and compensation in color deficiencies","volume":"25","author":"Basim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.96.1.145","article-title":"A neural theory of binocular rivalry","volume":"96","author":"Blake","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1126\/science.959839","article-title":"Abnormal visual resolution in the Siamese cat","volume":"194","author":"Blake","year":"1976","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03202845","article-title":"The precedence of binocular fusion over binocular rivalry","volume":"37","author":"Blake","year":"1985","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(74)90637-4","article-title":"Development of strabismus in Siamese cats","volume":"77","author":"Blake","year":"1974","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"bib9","first-page":"76","article-title":"Interocular transfer of adaptation to spatial frequency during retinal ischaemia","volume":"240","author":"Blake","year":"1972","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/249488a0","article-title":"Adaptation to \u201cinvisible\u201c gratings and the site of binocular rivalry suppression","volume":"249","author":"Blake","year":"1974","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1188391","article-title":"Binocular depth discrimination in normal and specially-reared cats","volume":"190","author":"Blake","year":"1975","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn701","article-title":"Visual competition","volume":"3","author":"Blake","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800004971","article-title":"Spatial zones of binocular rivalry in central and peripheral vision","volume":"8","author":"Blake","year":"1992","journal-title":"Visual Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.57.102904.190152","article-title":"Perception of human motion","volume":"58","author":"Blake","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4783","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509634103","article-title":"Strength of early visual adaptation depends on visual awareness","volume":"103","author":"Blake","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1068\/p090223","article-title":"What is suppressed during binocular rivalry?","volume":"9","author":"Blake","year":"1980","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/228477a0","article-title":"Development of the brain depends on the visual environment","volume":"228","author":"Blakemore","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4130","article-title":"Negligible fronto-parietal BOLD activity accompanying unreportable switches in bistable perception","volume":"18","author":"Brascamp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8337","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305393110","article-title":"A monocular contribution to stimulus rivalry","volume":"110","author":"Brascamp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010417-085944","article-title":"Multistable perception and the role of the frontoparietal cortex in perceptual inference","volume":"69","author":"Brascamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology,"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21397","article-title":"A dissociation of attention and awareness in phase sensitive but not phase insensitive visual channels","volume":"22","author":"Brascamp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.26.3.12","article-title":"Double dissociation of the effects of volitional control on perceptual selection and maintenance in multistable visual perception","volume":"26","author":"Bressler","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.25.12.18","article-title":"Attention-induced perceptual traveling waves in binocular rivalry","volume":"25","author":"Cardoso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.26.1.10","article-title":"Mask contrast and size do not alter suppression depth in the tracking continuous flash suppression paradigm","volume":"26","author":"Coorey","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.25.1.7","article-title":"Visual information shows dominance in determining the magnitude of intentional binding for audiovisual outcomes","volume":"25","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1966.sp008107","article-title":"The contrast sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells of the cat","volume":"187","author":"Enroth-Cugell","year":"1966","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/233055a0","article-title":"Stereoscopic vision in the cat","volume":"233","author":"Fox","year":"1971","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.08.045","article-title":"The interaction between binocular rivalry and negative afterimages","volume":"15","author":"Gilroy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(00)00317-5","article-title":"Brain activity evoked by inverted and imagined biological motion","volume":"41","author":"Grossman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00897-8","article-title":"Brain areas active during visual perception of biological motion","volume":"35","author":"Grossman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1162\/089892900562417","article-title":"Brain areas involved in perception of biological motion","volume":"12","author":"Grossman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211488","article-title":"Psychoacoustics of a chilling sound","volume":"39","author":"Halpern","year":"1986","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.25.13.1","article-title":"Emergence of form-independent direction selectivity in human V3A and MT+","volume":"25","author":"Hong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.25.10.14","article-title":"Increases versus decreases: Asymmetric effects of contrast changes during binocular rivalry modulated by awareness of perceptual switch","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1959.sp006308","article-title":"Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex","volume":"148","author":"Hubel","year":"1959","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1962.sp006837","article-title":"Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex","volume":"160","author":"Hubel","year":"1962","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1970.sp009022","article-title":"The period of susceptibility to the physiological effects of unilateral eye closure in kittens","volume":"206","author":"Hubel","year":"1970","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.25.11.13","article-title":"Transient increases to apparent contrast by exogenous attention persist in visual working memory","volume":"25","author":"Huszar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10293","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1727-11.2011","article-title":"The role of frontal and parietal brain areas in bistable perception","volume":"31","author":"Knapen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.26.3.8","article-title":"Temporal processes of information transmission from visual search to behavior","volume":"26","author":"Lappin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00269-7","article-title":"Rival ideas about binocular rivalry","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1365","article-title":"Traveling waves of activity in primary visual cortex during binocular rivalry","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1939","article-title":"Hierarchy of cortical responses underlying binocular rivalry","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.26.1.15","article-title":"Covert spatial attention is uniform across cardinal meridians despite differential adaptation","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1038\/379549a0","article-title":"Activity changes in early visual cortex reflect monkeys\u2019 percepts during binocular rivalry","volume":"379","author":"Leopold","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.05.032","article-title":"Normalization regulates competition for visual awareness","volume":"75","author":"Ling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2772635","article-title":"Neuronal correlates of subjective visual perception","volume":"245","author":"Logothetis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.25.2.7","article-title":"Aging and visual pattern detection","volume":"25","author":"Norman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.25.8.1","article-title":"Variations in sensory eye dominance along the horizontal meridian","volume":"25","author":"Paffen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4127","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.022049399","article-title":"Perceptual reality of synesthetic colors","volume":"99","author":"Palmeri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1038\/80676","article-title":"Neuronal activity in human primary visual cortex correlates with perception during binocular rivalry","volume":"3","author":"Polonsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.25.6.9","article-title":"Following Randolph Blake's furrow further","volume":"25","author":"Riga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"key":"bib55","first-page":"3408","article-title":"The role of temporal cortical areas in perceptual organization","volume":"94","author":"Sheinberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA,"},{"issue":"14","key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.25.14.11","article-title":"Visuotactile object processing in binocular rivalry: The role of shape congruence, voluntary action, and spatial colocalization","volume":"25","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.25.12.25","article-title":"Local motion governs visibility and suppression of biological motion in continuous flash suppression","volume":"25","author":"Swann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/35075583","article-title":"Interocular rivalry revealed in the human cortical blind-spot representation","volume":"411","author":"Tong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature,"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80592-9","article-title":"Binocular rivalry and visual awareness in human extrastriate cortex","volume":"21","author":"Tong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuron,"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.26.9.7","article-title":"Model-based estimation of the population contrast response function in human visual cortex","volume":"26","author":"Vinke","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.26.1.7","article-title":"A minimal physiological model of perceptual suppression and breakthrough in visual rivalry","volume":"26","author":"Whyte","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/35091066","article-title":"Dynamics of traveling waves in visual perception","volume":"412","author":"Wilson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/6.6.1","article-title":"Adaptation aftereffects to facial expressions suppressed from visual awareness","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.25.8.5","article-title":"The pupil response to perceptual switches: What happens when you ignore them","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"key":"bib53","volume-title":"Perception","author":"Sekuler","year":"1985"},{"key":"bib54","volume-title":"Star Trek on the brain: Alien minds, human minds","author":"Sekuler","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["Journal of Vision"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/jov.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/jov.26.10.21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:30:50Z","timestamp":1792589450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/jov.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/jov.26.10.21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/jov.26.10.21","relation":{},"ISSN":["1534-7362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1534-7362","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]}}}