{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T02:22:13Z","timestamp":1790994133123,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Vision"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/jov.26.6.12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T13:31:17Z","timestamp":1782480677000},"page":"12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gaze behavior during closed-captioned movie viewing adapts to absent audio through more frequent switching between text and scene"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Behler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, Australia"},{"name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia"},{"name":"anna.behler@newcastle.edu.au"},{"name":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7129-7006"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan E. J.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, Australia"},{"name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia"},{"name":"megan.ej.campbell@gmail.com"},{"name":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4051-1529"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brodi","family":"Bathgate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, Australia"},{"name":"brodi.bathgate@gmail.com"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanelle","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, Australia"},{"name":"chanelle.noble@newcastle.edu.au"},{"name":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9081-6158"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"van der Meer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Systems, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"j.vandermeer@qut.edu.au"},{"name":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2737-2691"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurabh","family":"Sonkusare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, Australia"},{"name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia"},{"name":"saurabh.sonkusare@newcastle.edu.au"},{"name":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4439-0579"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Breakspear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, Australia"},{"name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Health and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Australia"},{"name":"michael.breakspear@newcastle.edu.au"},{"name":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4943-3969"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026147","article-title":"Verbal redundancy in multimedia learning environments: A meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Adesope","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology,"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01425","article-title":"What and How the Deaf Brain Sees","volume":"31","author":"Alencar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib3","first-page":"1485","article-title":"The association between media multitasking, task-switching, and dual-task performance","volume":"39","author":"Alzahabi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,"},{"key":"bib4","article-title":"Subtitles are booming in popularity\u2014And it's changing the way TV and film are made","author":"Barry","year":"2023","journal-title":"ABC News,"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-013-0358-1","article-title":"Enhancing television advertising: Same-language subtitles can improve brand recall, verbal memory, and behavioral intent","volume":"42","author":"Brasel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00960","article-title":"When watching video, many saccades are curved and deviate from a velocity profile model","volume":"12","author":"Costela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience,"},{"issue":"32","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5856","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0240-23.2023","article-title":"Eye Movements Decrease during Effortful Speech Listening","volume":"43","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience,"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1177\/009365091018005005","article-title":"Watching subtitled television: Automatic reading behavior","volume":"18","author":"d'Ydewalle","year":"1991","journal-title":"Communication Research,"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040.12.3.196","article-title":"Eye movements of children and adults while reading television subtitles","volume":"12","author":"d'Ydewalle","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Psychologist,"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.112.4.777","article-title":"SWIFT: A dynamical model of saccade generation during reading","volume":"112","author":"Engbert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychological Review,"},{"key":"bib13","article-title":"Mumbling actors, bad speakers or lazy listeners: Why everyone is watching TV with subtitles on","author":"Friedman","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Guardian,"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/2372732215602130","article-title":"Video captions benefit everyone","volume":"2","author":"Gernsbacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences,"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.20.10.9","article-title":"Not all fixations are created equal: The benefits of using ex-Gaussian modeling of fixation durations","volume":"20","author":"Guy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2010.00166","article-title":"Worth a glance: Using eye movements to investigate the cognitive neuroscience of memory","volume":"4","author":"Hannula","year":"2010","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3167\/proj.2008.020102","article-title":"Neurocinematics: The Neuroscience of Film","volume":"2","author":"Hasson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Projections,"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2003.09.006","article-title":"Human gaze control during real-world scene perception","volume":"7","author":"Henderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences,"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0676-y","article-title":"The area-of-interest problem in eyetracking research: A noise-robust solution for face and sparse stimuli","volume":"48","author":"Hessels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods,"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1135-3","article-title":"Gaze tracking accuracy in humans: One eye is sometimes better than two","volume":"51","author":"Hooge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods,"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/12.2.4","article-title":"When viewing natural scenes, do abnormal colors impact on spatial or temporal parameters of eye movements?","volume":"12","author":"Ho-Phuoc","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib23","first-page":"46","article-title":"What is the role of the film viewer? The effects of narrative comprehension and viewing task on gaze control in film","volume":"2","author":"Hutson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications,"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.4.329","article-title":"A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension","volume":"87","author":"Just","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychological Review,"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2023.103927","article-title":"Eye movements during reading in beginning and skilled readers: Impact of reading level or physiological maturation?","volume":"236","author":"Justino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica,"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.6.5.3","article-title":"The effects of shot changes on eye movements in subtitling","volume":"6","author":"Krejtz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Eye Movement Research,"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/env061","article-title":"Reading function and content words in subtitled videos","volume":"21","author":"Krejtz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education,"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716421000503","article-title":"Why subtitle speed matters: Evidence from word skipping and rereading","volume":"43","author":"Kruger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Psycholinguistics,"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.26034\/cm.jostrans.2020.549","article-title":"The impact of monolingual and bilingual subtitles on visual attention, cognitive load, and comprehension","volume":"33","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Specialised Translation,"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716421000527","article-title":"The impact of audio on the reading of intralingual versus interlingual subtitles: Evidence from eye movements","volume":"43","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Psycholinguistics,"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2020.1823986","article-title":"Using Eye Movements to Study the Reading of Subtitles in Video","volume":"25","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading,"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/09567976251325789","article-title":"Where Do Children Look When Watching Videos With Same-Language Subtitles?","volume":"36","author":"Lopukhina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"bib35","first-page":"78","article-title":"Is reading the same as viewing","author":"Magliano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Unraveling the Behavioral, Neurobiological and Genetic Components of Reading Comprehension,"},{"issue":"16","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(03)00237-2","article-title":"Low-level predictive inference in reading: The influence of transitional probabilities on eye movements","volume":"43","author":"McDonald","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vision Research,"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06037-4","article-title":"Perception of body shape and size without touch or proprioception: Evidence from individuals with congenital and acquired neuropathy","volume":"239","author":"Miall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research,"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01711-6","article-title":"Centering cognitive neuroscience on task demands and generalization","volume":"27","author":"Nau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience,"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5652","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw334","article-title":"Distinct Cerebellar Contributions to Cognitive-Perceptual Dynamics During Natural Viewing","volume":"27","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex,"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.1867","article-title":"Areas of Interest as a Signal Detection Problem in Behavioral Eye-Tracking Research","volume":"29","author":"Orquin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1075\/target.16083.per","article-title":"Dubbing vs. subtitling: Complexity matters. Target","volume":"30","author":"Perego","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Translation Studies,"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210902816461","article-title":"The 35th Sir Frederick Bartlett Lecture: Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search","volume":"62","author":"Rayner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X03000104","article-title":"The E-Z Reader model of eye-movement control in reading: Comparisons to other models","volume":"26","author":"Reichle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences,"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2017.09.002","article-title":"Semantic content outweighs low-level saliency in determining children's and adults\u2019 fixation of movies","volume":"166","author":"Rider","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00797","article-title":"Fixational eye movements during viewing of dynamic natural scenes","volume":"4","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology,"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poetic.2012.07.004","article-title":"The apparent reality of movies and emotional arousal: A study using physiological and self-report measures","volume":"40","author":"Rooney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Poetics,"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/13.4.1","article-title":"Eye movements while viewing narrated, captioned, and silent videos","volume":"13","author":"Ross","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1075\/ts.21013.sil","article-title":"Using linear mixed models to analyze data from eye-tracking research on subtitling","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Translation Spaces,"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.05.004","article-title":"Naturalistic Stimuli in Neuroscience: Critically Acclaimed","volume":"23","author":"Sonkusare","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences,"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib52","first-page":"1280","article-title":"Distributional effects of word frequency on eye fixation durations","volume":"36","author":"Staub","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1556\/084.2016.17.2.3","article-title":"The effects of text editing and subtitle presentation rate on the comprehension and reading patterns of interlingual and intralingual subtitles among deaf, hard of hearing and hearing viewers","volume":"17","author":"Szarkowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Across Languages and Cultures,"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.2011.0039","article-title":"Verbatim, standard, or edited? Reading patterns of different captioning styles among deaf, hard of hearing, and hearing viewers","volume":"156","author":"Szarkowska","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf,"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.47476\/jat.v7i1.2024.283","article-title":"Impact of Video and Subtitle Speed on Subtitle Reading: An Eye-tracking Replication Study","volume":"7","author":"Szarkowska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Audiovisual Translation,"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1080\/13506280902764539","article-title":"The prominence of behavioural biases in eye guidance","volume":"17","author":"Tatler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Visual Cognition,"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/9.7.4","article-title":"Quantifying center bias of observers in free viewing of dynamic natural scenes","volume":"9","author":"Tseng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Vision,"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5004","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18717-w","article-title":"Movie viewing elicits rich and reliable brain state dynamics","volume":"11","author":"van der Meer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications,"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0263594","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263594","article-title":"How to choose the size of facial areas of interest in interactive eye tracking","volume":"17","author":"Vehlen","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS ONE,"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RP97731","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.97731","article-title":"Mapping patterns of thought onto brain activity during movie-watching","volume":"13","author":"Wallace","year":"2025","journal-title":"eLife,"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.12055","article-title":"Robustness and Precision: How Data Quality May Influence Key Dependent Variables in Infant Eye-Tracker Analyses","volume":"19","author":"Wass","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119182","article-title":"Asymmetrical cross-modal influence on neural encoding of auditory and visual features in natural scenes","volume":"255","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage,"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139013567","volume-title":"Regression Analysis of Count Data","author":"Cameron","year":"2013","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"bib7","volume-title":"Captioning quality guidelines Broadcasting Services (Television Captioning) Standard 2023","author":"Commonwealth of Australia (Australian Communications and Media Authority)","year":"2024"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1145\/2509315.2509331","article-title":"Measuring the impact of subtitles on cognitive load: Eye tracking and dynamic audiovisual texts","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Eye Tracking South Africa,","author":"Kruger","year":"2013"},{"key":"bib30","volume-title":"MNE-Python (Version v1.10.1) [Computer software]","author":"Larson","year":"2025"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1145\/355017.355028","article-title":"Identifying fixations and saccades in eye-tracking protocols","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications - ETRA \u201900,","author":"Salvucci","year":"2000"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199862139.003.0009","article-title":"Watching You Watch Movies: Using Eye Tracking to Inform Cognitive Film Theory","volume-title":"Psychocinematics","author":"Smith","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["Journal of Vision"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/jov.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/jov.26.6.12","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T13:31:20Z","timestamp":1782480680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/jov.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/jov.26.6.12"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/jov.26.6.12","relation":{},"ISSN":["1534-7362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1534-7362","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]}}}