{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:03:03Z","timestamp":1792519383762,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609891200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.1.8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T20:41:43Z","timestamp":1610311303000},"page":"8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["RGC and Vision Loss From Traumatic Optic Neuropathy Induced by Repetitive Closed Head Trauma Is Dependent on Timing and Force of Impact"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Reas S.","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmara G.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puya","family":"Aravand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Dine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan B.","family":"Selzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas Jefferson University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth S.","family":"Shindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1393734","article-title":"Traumatic optic neuropathy: a review","volume":"8","author":"Kumaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.2.246","article-title":"Visual prognosis after indirect traumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"74","author":"Carta","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib3","first-page":"175","article-title":"Traumatic optic neuropathy: a review of 24 patients","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib4","first-page":"73","article-title":"Post-traumatic visual loss","volume":"5","author":"Atkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Neurol Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)00707-1","article-title":"The treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy: the International Optic Nerve Trauma Study","volume":"106","author":"Levin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31824cd4a7","article-title":"Epidemiological trends of traumatic optic nerve injuries in the largest Canadian adult trauma center","volume":"23","author":"Pirouzmand","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2009.79","article-title":"Surveillance of traumatic optic neuropathy in the UK","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4853","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14353","article-title":"Molecular changes and vision loss in a mouse model of closed-globe blast trauma","volume":"55","author":"Bricker-Anthony","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.1756","article-title":"Traumatic axonal injury in the optic nerve: evidence for axonal swelling, disconnection, dieback, and reorganization","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01215643","article-title":"Cytochemical evidence for redistribution of membrane pump calcium-ATPase and ecto-Ca-ATPase activity, and calcium influx in myelinated nerve fibres of the optic nerve after stretch injury","volume":"24","author":"Maxwell","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurocytol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1517","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121517","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cells die by necroptotic mechanisms in a site-specific manner in a rat blunt ocular injury model","volume":"8","author":"Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib12","first-page":"CD006032","article-title":"Steroids for traumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"19","author":"Yu-Wai-Man","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"9475","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66552-X","article-title":"Final results of MRC CRASH, a randomised placebo-controlled trial of intravenous corticosteroid in adults with head injury-outcomes at 6 months","volume":"365","author":"Edwards","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wno.0000204646.94991.68","article-title":"Treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy with high-dose corticosteroid","volume":"26","author":"Kenneth","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuro-Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib15","first-page":"2147","article-title":"A practical approach to optic nerve crush in the mouse","volume":"18","author":"Templeton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5097","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12157","article-title":"SIRT1 promotes RGC survival and delays loss of function following optic nerve crush","volume":"54","author":"Zuo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701576","article-title":"Animal models of optic nerve diseases","volume":"18","author":"Levkovitch-Verbin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.03.013","article-title":"A mouse model of ocular blast injury that induces closed globe anterior and posterior pole damage","volume":"99","author":"Hines-Beard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib19","first-page":"11779","article-title":"A novel mouse model of traumatic optic neuropathy using external ultrasound energy to achieve focal","volume":"7","author":"Tao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indirect Optic Nerve Injury Sci Rep"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5548","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24773","article-title":"A controlled impact of optic nerve as a new model of traumatic optic neuropathy in mouse","volume":"59","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0000000000000059","article-title":"Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury causes optic nerve and retinal damage in a mouse model","volume":"73","author":"Tzekov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4611","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0541","article-title":"Rapid quantification of adult and developing mouse spatial vision using a virtual optomotor system","volume":"45","author":"Prusky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2011.00050","article-title":"Optic neuritis and retinal ganglion cell loss in a chronic murine model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Quinn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41768","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41768","article-title":"Intranasal delivery of a novel amnion cell secretome prevents neuronal damage and preserves function in a mouse multiple sclerosis model","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11664","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48087-3","article-title":"Dexras1 deletion and iron chelation promote neuroprotection in experimental optic neuritis","volume":"9","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3725","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0039","article-title":"Optic nerve degeneration in a murine model of juvenile ceroid lipofuscinosis","volume":"44","author":"Sappington","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3766","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-13895","article-title":"Monitoring retinal morphologic and functional changes in mice following optic nerve crush","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2012.470","article-title":"Longitudinal study of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and ganglion cell complex in traumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"130","author":"Kanamori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E677","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030677","article-title":"The susceptibility of retinal ganglion cells to optic nerve injury is type specific","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24064","article-title":"Chronic neuropathological and neurobehavioral changes in a repetitive mild traumatic brain injury model","volume":"75","author":"Mouzon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3182814cdf","article-title":"Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury augments tau pathology and glial activation in aged hTau mice","volume":"72","author":"Ojo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"18","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2498","article-title":"Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury in a mouse model produces learning and memory deficits accompanied by histological changes","volume":"29","author":"Mouzon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0160220","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160220","article-title":"Short and long term behavioral and pathological changes in a novel rodent model of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"11","author":"McAteer","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0159442","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159442","article-title":"Repeated closed head injury in mice results in sustained motor and memory deficits and chronic cellular changes","volume":"11","author":"Bolton Hall","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00012","article-title":"Long-term cognitive impairments and pathological alterations in a mouse model of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"5","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23858","article-title":"Clinical correlates in an experimental model of repetitive mild brain injury","volume":"74","author":"Mannix","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ohc.2004.05.008","article-title":"Neuro-ophthalmologic diagnosis and therapy of central nervous system trauma","volume":"17","author":"Levin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(82)34769-7","article-title":"Optic nerve blindness following blunt forehead trauma","volume":"89","author":"Anderson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/93.4.785","article-title":"Visual lesions in closed head injury","volume":"93","author":"Crompton","year":"1970","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00719","article-title":"Progression and pathology of traumatic optic neuropathy from repeated primary blast exposure","volume":"13","author":"Bernardo-Colon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4159","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-27565","article-title":"Blast preconditioning protects retinal ganglion cells and reveals targets for prevention of neurodegeneration following blast-mediated traumatic brain injury","volume":"60","author":"Harper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6046","article-title":"Rapid repeat exposure to sub-threshold trauma causes synergistic axonal damage and functional deficits in the visual pathway in a mouse model","volume":"36","author":"Vest","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma."},{"issue":"11","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-1061-4","article-title":"Antioxidants prevent inflammation and preserve the optic projection and visual function in experimental neurotrauma","volume":"9","author":"Bernardo-Col\u00f3n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24543","article-title":"Connecting endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress to retinal degeneration, TBI and traumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"98","author":"Cansler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1436-1","article-title":"TSG-6 in conditioned media from adipose mesenchymal stem cells protects against visual deficits in mild traumatic brain injury model through neurovascular modulation","volume":"10","author":"Jha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.03.013","article-title":"Amelioration of visual deficits and visual system pathology after mild TBI with the cannabinoid type-2 receptor inverse agonist SMM-189","volume":"182","author":"Guley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib39","first-page":"2380","volume-title":"Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology","author":"Walsh","year":"1969","edition":"3rd ed."}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science & Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2772161","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T20:43:14Z","timestamp":1610311394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2772161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.10.1.8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]}}}