{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T06:11:26Z","timestamp":1781849486151,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623715200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.7.19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T14:32:16Z","timestamp":1623767536000},"page":"19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Evaluation of Long-Lasting Potential of Suprachoroidal Axitinib Suspension Via Ocular and Systemic Disposition in Rabbits"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Viral S.","family":"Kansara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clearside Biomedical Inc., Alpharetta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leroy W.","family":"Muya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clearside Biomedical Inc., Alpharetta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Ciulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clearside Biomedical Inc., Alpharetta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1941.00870100042005","article-title":"Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States","volume":"122","author":"Friedman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib2","first-page":"477","article-title":"Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States","volume":"122","author":"Congdon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2479986","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen","volume":"246","author":"Leung","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(03)00030-4","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration: etiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies","volume":"48","author":"Ambati","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.09.024","article-title":"Age-Related Macular Degeneration Preferred Practice Pattern\u00ae","volume":"127","author":"Flaxel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.12.016","article-title":"HORIZON: an open-label extension trial of ranibizumab for choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration","volume":"119","author":"Singer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.03.045","article-title":"Five-year outcomes with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials","volume":"123","author":"Maguire","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.03.046","article-title":"Seven-year outcomes in ranibizumab-treated patients in ANCHOR, MARINA, and HORIZON: a multicenter cohort study (SEVEN-UP)","volume":"120","author":"Rofagha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.05.017","article-title":"Visual acuity outcomes and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy intensity in neovascular age-related macular degeneration patients: a real-world analysis of 49?485 eyes","volume":"4","author":"Ciulla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retin"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.10.010","article-title":"Real-world vision in age-related macular degeneration patients treated with single anti-VEGF drug type for 1 year in the IRIS Registry","volume":"125","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2012.727520","article-title":"Antiangiogenic effects of axitinib, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, on laser-induced choroidal neovascularization in mice","volume":"38","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.02.010","article-title":"Axitinib inhibits retinal and choroidal neovascularization in in vitro and in vivo models","volume":"145","author":"Giddabasappa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.2018.46.issue-9","article-title":"Topical axitinib is a potent inhibitor of corneal neovascularization","volume":"46","author":"Lled\u00f3 Riquelme","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1021\/nn506599f","article-title":"Ocular drug delivery nanowafer with enhanced therapeutic efficacy","volume":"9","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.01.051","article-title":"Micelle-solubilized axitinib for ocular administration in anti-neovascularization","volume":"560","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.10.016","article-title":"Short-term treatment with VEGF receptor inhibitors induces retinopathy of prematurity-like abnormal vascular growth in neonatal rats","volume":"143","author":"Nakano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib19","first-page":"3977","article-title":"Suprachoroidal CLS-AX (axitinib injectable suspension), as a potential long-acting therapy for neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration (nAMD)","volume":"61","author":"Kaiser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e77117","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077117","article-title":"The association of alternate VEGF ligands with resistance to anti-VEGF therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"8","author":"Lieu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2017.04.004","article-title":"Bevacizumab injection in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration increases angiogenic biomarkers","volume":"2","author":"Cabral","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retin"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib24","first-page":"1533","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel biomaterial in the suprachoroidal space of the rabbit eye","volume":"43","author":"Einmahl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1540","article-title":"A novel bioerodible deep scleral lamellar cyclosporine implant for uveitis","volume":"47","author":"Gilger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.05.045","article-title":"Cannulation of the suprachoroidal space: a novel drug delivery methodology to the posterior segment","volume":"142","author":"Olsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0670","article-title":"Assessment of subconjunctival and intrascleral drug delivery to the posterior segment using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4433","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9872","article-title":"Targeted administration into the suprachoroidal space using a microneedle for drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye","volume":"53","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.01.006","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of suprachoroidal CLS-TA for macular edema secondary to noninfectious uveitis: phase 3 randomized trial","volume":"127","author":"Yeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.11.27","article-title":"Clinical characterization of suprachoroidal injection procedure utilizing a microinjector across three retinal disorders","volume":"9","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1992.01080140115038","article-title":"Evaluation of the retinal toxicity and pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone after intravitreal injection","volume":"110","author":"Kwak","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2014.0100","article-title":"Ocular pharmacokinetics of fluocinolone acetonide following iluvien implantation in the vitreous humor of rabbits","volume":"31","author":"Kane","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.4.7","article-title":"Intraocular pharmacokinetics of 10-fold intravitreal ranibizumab injection dose in rabbits","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3109\/08977194.2011.639300","article-title":"Axitinib modulates hypoxia-induced blood-retina barrier permeability and expression of growth factors","volume":"30","author":"Kernt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1055\/s-00000031","article-title":"[Multikinase inhibitors as a new approach in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) treatment: in vitro safety evaluations of axitinib, pazopanib and sorafenib for intraocular use]","volume":"230","author":"Thiele","year":"2013","journal-title":"Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305327","article-title":"Multi-country real-life experience of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for wet age-related macular degeneration","volume":"99","author":"Holz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2018.01.006","article-title":"Real-world outcomes of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration in the United States","volume":"2","author":"Ciulla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retin"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.12.018","article-title":"Clinical utilization of anti-VEGF agents and disease monitoring in neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"157","author":"Holekamp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.10.018","article-title":"Ranibizumab versus verteporfin photodynamic therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: two-year results of the ANCHOR study","volume":"116","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.014","article-title":"Twelve-month efficacy and safety of 0.5 mg or 2.0 mg ranibizumab in patients with subfoveal neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"120","author":"Busbee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.08.011","article-title":"Intravitreal aflibercept injection for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: ninety-six-week results of the VIEW studies","volume":"121","author":"Schmidt-Erfurth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.09.006","article-title":"Intravitreal aflibercept (VEGF trap-eye) in wet age-related macular degeneration","volume":"119","author":"Heier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"14","key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054481","article-title":"Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"355","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.09.036","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of pazopanib eye drops versus ranibizumab intravitreal injections in subjects with neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"122","author":"Csaky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.v85.2","article-title":"The Developing Regorafenib Eye drops for neovascular Age-related Macular degeneration (DREAM) study: an open-label phase II trial","volume":"85","author":"Joussen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b01731","article-title":"The discovery of N-(1-Methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-5-((6- ((methylamino)methyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)oxy)-1H-indole-1-carboxamide (Acrizanib), a VEGFR-2 inhibitor specifically designed for topical ocular delivery, as a therapy for neovascular age","volume":"61","author":"Adams","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"issue":"December","key":"bib48","first-page":"21","article-title":"Reframing the retina pipeline","author":"Dugel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retin Today"},{"issue":"22","key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7272","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-0652","article-title":"Nonclinical antiangiogenesis and antitumor activities of axitinib (AG-013736), an oral, potent, and selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases 1, 2, 3","volume":"14","author":"Hu-Lowe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib55","first-page":"4112","article-title":"Targeted delivery of triamcinolone acetonide and CLS011A to the posterior ocular tissues via suprachoroidal administration","volume":"58","author":"Burke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"15","key":"bib56","first-page":"5063","article-title":"Suprachoroidal microinjection delivers triamcinolone acetonide to therapeutically-relevant posterior ocular structures and limits exposure in the anterior segment","volume":"54","author":"Edelhauser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23758","article-title":"Targeted drug delivery in the suprachoroidal space by swollen hydrogel pushing","volume":"59","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-010-0271-y","article-title":"Suprachoroidal drug delivery to the back of the eye using hollow microneedles","volume":"28","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.13.21","article-title":"Suprachoroidally delivered DNA nanoparticles transfect retina and RPE\/choroid in rabbits","volume":"9","author":"Kansara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib12"},{"key":"bib20","volume-title":"Suprachoroidal administration of small molecule and nanoparticle suspensions: pre-clinicals results correlate to clinical trial outcomes","author":"MacCumber","year":"2021"},{"key":"bib23","author":"Opthea Limited"},{"key":"bib44","article-title":"Open-label, pilot study of TG100801 in patients with choroidal neovascularization due to AMD","author":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"key":"bib49","article-title":"Sustained-release sunitinib malate for neovascular age-related macular degeneration","author":"Aziz"},{"key":"bib50","article-title":"Graybug vision concludes patient enrollment in its phase 2b clinical trial of GB-102 in wet age-related macular degeneration and accelerates trial read-out by approximately six months","author":"GlobeNewswire"},{"key":"bib51","article-title":"PAN-90806: once-daily topical anti-VEGF eye drop for wet AMD and other neovascular eye disease","author":"Chaney"},{"key":"bib52","author":"Cousins"},{"key":"bib53","author":"Avery"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2772705","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T14:32:28Z","timestamp":1623767548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2772705"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.10.7.19","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]}}}