{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T23:15:58Z","timestamp":1768432558694,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.2.23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T15:50:56Z","timestamp":1644853856000},"page":"23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Application of Deep Learning Methods for Binarization of the Choroid in Optical Coherence Tomography Images"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Joshua","family":"Muller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Alonso-Caneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e612","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.2016.94.issue-7","article-title":"Choroidal vascularity index\u2013a novel optical coherence tomography parameter for disease monitoring in diabetes mellitus?","volume":"94","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307480","article-title":"Wide field of view swept-source optical coherence tomography for peripheral retinal disease","volume":"100","author":"McNabb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001574","article-title":"The importance of the peripheral retina in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"38","author":"Oztas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (IPCV)","volume":"32","author":"Yannuzzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181602","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2181602","article-title":"Choroidal and retinal thickness of highly myopic eyes with early stage of myopic chorioretinopathy: tessellation","volume":"2018","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6284","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16670","article-title":"Combined 60 wide-field choroidal thickness maps and high-definition en face vasculature visualization using swept-source megahertz OCT at 1050 nm","volume":"56","author":"Mohler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.7.000629","article-title":"Tissue thickness calculation in ocular optical coherence tomography","volume":"7","author":"Alonso-Caneiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Optics Express"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.07.002","article-title":"OCT angiography and evaluation of the choroid and choroidal vascular disorders","volume":"67","author":"Borrelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retinal Eye Res"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2005.09.010","article-title":"Adaptive degraded document image binarization","volume":"39","author":"Gatos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-019-01122-8","article-title":"Choroidal binarization analysis: clinical application","volume":"39","author":"Crisostomo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.4.6.3","article-title":"Ultra\u2013short-term reproducibility of speckle-noise freed fluid and tissue compartmentalization of the choroid analyzed by standard OCT","volume":"4","author":"Maloca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.01.066","article-title":"Analysis of choroidal morphologic features and vasculature in healthy eyes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"120","author":"Branchini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000796","article-title":"Choroidal characteristics of acute and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography","volume":"27","author":"Ruiz-Medrano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14447","article-title":"Choroidal structure in normal eyes and after photodynamic therapy determined by binarization of optical coherence tomographic images","volume":"55","author":"Sonoda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.03.005","article-title":"Luminal and stromal areas of choroid determined by binarization method of optical coherence tomographic images","volume":"159","author":"Sonoda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-015-0014-2","article-title":"Binarization of enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomographic images of an eye with Wyburn-Mason syndrome: a case report","volume":"15","author":"Iwata","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e612","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.2016.94.issue-7","article-title":"Choroidal vascularity index\u2013a novel optical coherence tomography parameter for disease monitoring in diabetes mellitus?","volume":"94","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Acta Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49816-4","article-title":"Automatic choroidal segmentation in OCT images using supervised deep learning methods","volume":"9","author":"Kugelman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5488","DOI":"10.3390\/app11125488","article-title":"Automatic segmentation of choroid layer using deep learning on spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"11","author":"Hsia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.6221020","article-title":"Automatic segmentation and visualization of choroid in OCT with knowledge infused deep learning","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Informatics"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.10.001601","article-title":"Robust deep learning method for choroidal vessel segmentation on swept source optical coherence tomography images","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomedical Optics Express"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.4.000134","article-title":"Automated three-dimensional choroidal vessel segmentation of 3D 1060 nm OCT retinal data","volume":"4","author":"Kajic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomedical Optics Express"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4982","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.426093","article-title":"Framework for quantitative three-dimensional choroidal vasculature analysis using optical coherence tomography","volume":"12","author":"Saxena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedical Optics Express"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15787","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.015787","article-title":"Automated segmentation and characterization of choroidal vessels in high-penetration optical coherence tomography","volume":"21","author":"Duan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optics Express"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16446","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in choroidal thickness and eye growth in childhood","volume":"56","author":"Read","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7578","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12772","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in myopic and nonmyopic children assessed with enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography","volume":"54","author":"Read","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19413","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.019413","article-title":"Automatic segmentation of seven retinal layers in SDOCT images congruent with expert manual segmentation","volume":"18","author":"Chiu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Optics Express"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.4.002795","article-title":"Automatic segmentation of choroidal thickness in optical coherence tomography","volume":"4","author":"Alonso-Caneiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomedical Optics Express"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1631315","article-title":"Survey over image thresholding techniques and quantitative performance evaluation","volume":"13","author":"Sezgin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Elect Imag"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.11.12","article-title":"Retinal boundary segmentation in stargardt disease optical coherence tomography images using automated deep learning","volume":"9","author":"Kugelman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.34","article-title":"Segnet: A deep convolutional encoder-decoder architecture for image segmentation","volume":"39","author":"Badrinarayanan","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Analysis Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57788-z","article-title":"Semantic segmentation of the choroid in swept source optical coherence tomography images for volumetrics","volume":"10","author":"Tsuji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2019.105830","article-title":"Automated segmentation of fluid regions in optical coherence tomography B-scan images of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"122","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optics Laser Technol"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100829","article-title":"Exploring choroidal angioarchitecture in health and disease using choroidal vascularity index","volume":"77","author":"Agrawal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Retinal Eye Res"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.13.5","article-title":"Retinal OFF-pathway overstimulation leads to greater accommodation-induced choroidal thinning","volume":"62","author":"Hoseini-Yazdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.003049","article-title":"Effect of patch size and network architecture on a convolutional neural network approach for automatic segmentation of OCT retinal layers","volume":"9","author":"Hamwood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomedical Optics Express"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.06.010","article-title":"Describing the structural phenotype of the glaucomatous optic nerve head using artificial intelligence","volume":"236","author":"Panda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib9","first-page":"88","article-title":"Evaluation of several binarization techniques for old Arabic documents images","volume-title":"Presented at the conference for The First International Symposium on Modeling and Implementing Complex Systems -At: Constantine, Algeria. MISC","author":"Kefali","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib19","first-page":"1883","article-title":"Three-dimensional choroidal vessel network quantification using swept source optical coherence tomography","volume-title":"Presented at the 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","author":"Tan","year":"2020"},{"key":"bib21","first-page":"1286","article-title":"Volumetric Choroidal Segmentation Using Sequential Deep Learning Approach in High Myopia Subjects","volume-title":"Presented at the 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","author":"Cahyo","year":"2020"},{"key":"bib32","volume-title":"An introduction to digital image processing","author":"Niblack","year":"1985"},{"key":"bib34","first-page":"801","article-title":"Encoder-decoder with atrous separable convolution for semantic image segmentation","volume-title":"Presented at the Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)","author":"Chen","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib35","first-page":"1863","article-title":"Performance Evaluation Of Convolutions And Atrous Convolutions In Deep Networks For Retinal Disease Segmentation On Optical Coherence Tomography Volumes","volume-title":"Presented at the 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","author":"Alsaih","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2778573","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T15:51:12Z","timestamp":1644853872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2778573"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.11.2.23","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]}}}