{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:23:40Z","timestamp":1785803020225,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.3.26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T21:09:36Z","timestamp":1648156176000},"page":"26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Daily or Less Frequent Topical 1% Atropine Slows Defocus-Induced Myopia Progression in Contact Lens-Wearing Guinea Pigs"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qiurong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josue A.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine F.","family":"Wildsoet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/519276a","article-title":"The myopia boom","volume":"519","author":"Dolgin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004","article-title":"The epidemics of myopia: Aetiology and prevention","volume":"62","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.303","article-title":"Increased prevalence of myopia in the United States between 1971-1972 and 1999-2004","volume":"127","author":"Vitale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.03.018","article-title":"Increasing prevalence of myopia in europe and the impact of education","volume":"122","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.2005.25.issue-5","article-title":"Myopia and associated pathological complications","volume":"25","author":"Saw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.11.010","article-title":"Efficacy comparison of 16 Interventions for myopia control in children: A Network Meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib8","first-page":"Cd004916","article-title":"Interventions to slow progression of myopia in children","author":"Walline","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bib9","first-page":"891","article-title":"The effect of atropine on myopia","volume":"3","author":"Bedrossian","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.05.062","article-title":"Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia","volume":"113","author":"Chua","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.07.031","article-title":"Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: safety and efficacy of 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.01% doses (Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia 2)","volume":"119","author":"Chia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.06.004","article-title":"Differential effects on ocular biometrics by 0.05%, 0.025%, and 0.01% atropine: Low-Concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression Study","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.1091","article-title":"Efficacy and adverse effects of atropine in childhood myopia: A Meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1940.00860130378006","article-title":"Cycloplegia and mydriasis by use of atropine, scopolamine and homatropine-paredrine","volume":"23","author":"Marron","year":"1940","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-199102000-00012","article-title":"Dynamic retinoscopy.","volume":"2","author":"Guyton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12312","article-title":"Animal models in myopia research","volume":"98","author":"Schaeffel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.10.008","article-title":"Spectacle lens compensation in the pigmented guinea pig","volume":"49","author":"Howlett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.06.036","article-title":"Form-deprivation myopia in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)","volume":"46","author":"Howlett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib19","first-page":"1234","article-title":"Changes in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression in form deprivation myopia in guinea pigs","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5456","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14096","article-title":"Pharmacologically stimulated pupil and accommodative changes in Guinea pigs","volume":"55","author":"Ostrin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.07-12-03813.1987","article-title":"Muscarinic and nicotinic synaptic activation of the developing chicken iris","volume":"7","author":"Pilar","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4710","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6819","article-title":"The role of the iris in chick accommodation","volume":"52","author":"Ostrin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib23","first-page":"691","article-title":"Topical atropine prevents contact lens-induced myopia in guinea pigs","volume":"59","author":"Kochik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25365","article-title":"Strain-dependent differences in sensitivity to myopia-inducing stimuli in guinea pigs and role of choroid","volume":"60","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14447","article-title":"Choroidal structure in normal eyes and after photodynamic therapy determined by binarization of optical coherence tomographic images","volume":"55","author":"Sonoda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.12.019","article-title":"Emmetropization and schematic eye models in developing pigmented guinea pigs","volume":"47","author":"Howlett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.01.027","article-title":"Normal development of refractive state and ocular dimensions in guinea pigs","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.13.25","article-title":"Increased choroidal blood perfusion can inhibit form deprivation myopia in guinea pigs","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12059","article-title":"Form deprivation and lens-induced myopia: are they different?","volume":"33","author":"Morgan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-020-01356-x","article-title":"Part-time use of 1% atropine eye drops for prevention of myopia progression in children","volume":"40","author":"Foo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib31","first-page":"79","article-title":"Iris pigmentation and atropine mydriasis","volume":"197","author":"Salazar","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/(ISSN)1096-8644","article-title":"Racial differences in mydriatic action of cocaine, euphthalmine, and ephedrine","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"1929","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-469235-0.50025-7","article-title":"Models in ophthalmology and vision research","author":"Peiffer","year":"1994:","journal-title":"The Biology of the Laboratory Rabbit (Second Edition)"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503645","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/503645","article-title":"Variations in eyeball diameters of the healthy adults","volume":"2014","author":"Bekerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e238","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13889","article-title":"The penetration and distribution of topical atropine in animal ocular tissues","volume":"97","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002","article-title":"The multifunctional choroid","volume":"29","author":"Nickla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4782536","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4782536","article-title":"Short-term effect of low-dose atropine and hyperopic defocus on choroidal thickness and axial length in young myopic adults","volume":"2019","author":"Sander","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0161535","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161535","article-title":"Optical Defocus Rapidly Changes Choroidal Thickness in Schoolchildren","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18310","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75342-9","article-title":"Additive effect of atropine eye drops and short-term retinal defocus on choroidal thickness in children with myopia","volume":"10","author":"Chiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26397","article-title":"Changes in choroidal thickness and choroidal blood perfusion in guinea pig myopia","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib41","first-page":"1259","article-title":"Vision-dependent changes in the choroidal thickness of macaque monkeys","volume":"41","author":"Hung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)E0049-Q","article-title":"Moving the retina: choroidal modulation of refractive state","volume":"35","author":"Wallman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2002.1142","article-title":"Temporal relationship of choroidal blood flow and thickness changes during recovery from form deprivation myopia in chicks","volume":"74","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8528315","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8528315","article-title":"Effect of atropine eye drops on choroidal thinning induced by hyperopic retinal defocus","volume":"2018","author":"Chiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-016-0002-7","article-title":"Nitric oxide (NO) mediates the inhibition of form-deprivation myopia by atropine in chicks","volume":"6","author":"Carr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200402000-00009","article-title":"The effect of the nonspecific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester on the choroidal compensatory response to myopic defocus in chickens","volume":"81","author":"Nickla","year":"2004","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2006.09.019","article-title":"Effects of intravitreally and intraperitoneally injected atropine on two types of experimental myopia in chicken","volume":"84","author":"Diether","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib48","first-page":"205","article-title":"Atropine reduces experimental myopia and eye enlargement via a nonaccommodative mechanism","volume":"34","author":"McBrien","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04573-y","article-title":"Studies on retinal mechanisms possibly related to myopia inhibition by atropine in the chicken","volume":"258","author":"Mathis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200402000-00012","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of apomorphine and atropine and their combination on myopia in chicks","volume":"81","author":"Schmid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Optom and Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4205","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.v174.23","article-title":"Principles of pharmacology in the eye","volume":"174","author":"Awwad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2016.12.001","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic aspects of retinal drug delivery","volume":"57","author":"Del Amo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2778693","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T21:09:47Z","timestamp":1648156187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2778693"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.11.3.26","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]}}}