{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T20:05:22Z","timestamp":1789157122610,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654128000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.6.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T15:31:14Z","timestamp":1654183874000},"page":"3","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Associations Among Outdoor Time, Skin Tanning, and the Risk of Surgically Treated Cataract for Australians 45 to 65 Years of Age"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuhua","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianwen","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingguang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixia","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.2017.207.issue-6","article-title":"Cataract surgery coverage rates for Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians: the National Eye Health Survey","volume":"207","author":"Foreman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30393-5","article-title":"Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990-2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Flaxman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2147\/ciia.2007.2.issue-1","article-title":"Cataract surgery and quality of life implications","volume":"2","author":"Morris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e328","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.v98.3","article-title":"Age-related cataract and 10-year mortality: the Liwan Eye Study","volume":"98","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.8.714","article-title":"Sunlight exposure and risk of lens opacities in a population-based study: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation project","volume":"280","author":"West","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.04.037","article-title":"Risk factors for cataracts treated surgically in postmenopausal women","volume":"123","author":"Floud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000086881.84657.98","article-title":"Sun exposure as a risk factor for nuclear cataract","volume":"14","author":"Neale","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0215338","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215338","article-title":"Association between ultraviolet radiation exposure dose and cataract in Han people living in China and Taiwan: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Miyashita","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0135870","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135870","article-title":"The association of outdoor activity and age-related cataract in a rural population of Taizhou Eye Study: phase 1 report","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0227868","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227868","article-title":"Association of cataract and sun exposure in geographically diverse populations of India: the CASE study. First Report of the ICMR-EYE SEE Study Group","volume":"15","author":"Vashist","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib11","first-page":"1886","article-title":"Measurement of the axial length of cataract eyes by laser Doppler interferometry","volume":"34","author":"Hitzenberger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03064.x","article-title":"Australia has more than enough solar UV radiation","volume":"86","author":"Gies","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27469","article-title":"Sun exposure may increase risk of prostate cancer in the high UV environment of New South Wales, Australia: a case-control study","volume":"131","author":"Grant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym184","article-title":"Cohort profile: the 45 and Up Study","volume":"37","author":"45 and Up Study Collaborators","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0239214","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239214","article-title":"Effect of physical activity on reducing the risk of diabetic retinopathy progression: 10-year prospective findings from the 45 and Up Study","volume":"16","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312407","article-title":"Associations between physical activity and cataract treated surgically in patients with diabetes: findings from the 45 and Up Study","volume":"103","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-7-18","article-title":"Years of sunlight exposure and cataract: a case-control study in a Mediterranean population","volume":"7","author":"Pastor-Valero","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2018.1501077","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation and incidence of cataracts in a nationwide US cohort","volume":"25","author":"Delavar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7619","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14471","article-title":"Lifetime exposure to ambient ultraviolet radiation and the risk for cataract extraction and age-related macular degeneration: the Alienor Study","volume":"55","author":"Delcourt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2013.777155","article-title":"Antioxidants and cataract","volume":"47","author":"Thiagarajan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7522.0-f","article-title":"Rapid response to: Ozone depletion will bring big rise in number of cataracts","volume":"331","author":"Groves","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e31821ec4f2","article-title":"Role of ultraviolet irradiation and oxidative stress in cataract formation-medical prevention by nutritional antioxidants and metabolic agonists","volume":"37","author":"Varma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.v35.6","article-title":"The potential role of antioxidants in mitigating skin hyperpigmentation resulting from ultraviolet and visible light-induced oxidative stress","volume":"35","author":"Nahhas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1918","article-title":"Skin under the sun: when melanin pigment meets vitamin D","volume":"156","author":"Slominski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/php.2008.84.issue-3","article-title":"The protective role of melanin against UV damage in human skin","volume":"84","author":"Brenner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153739","article-title":"Effects of aging on hair color, melanosome morphology, and melanin composition in Japanese females","volume":"20","author":"Itou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"bib28","first-page":"586","article-title":"Nutrient patterns and risk of cataract: a case-control study","volume":"10","author":"Sedaghat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib21","article-title":"Sunglasses and fashion spectacles: consumer purchasing decisions","author":"Sweeney Research"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science & Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2778879","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T15:31:19Z","timestamp":1654183879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2778879"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.11.6.3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]}}}