{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T18:53:15Z","timestamp":1790275995294,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674777600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.12.1.27","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T16:31:21Z","timestamp":1674837081000},"page":"27","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Local Ugandan Production of Stable 0.2% Chlorhexidine Eye Drops"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Christina A. R.","family":"Picken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Brocchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research, International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"},{"name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Blundell-Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Kuguminkiriza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Drop Production Unit, Ruharo Eye Centre, Ruharu Mission Hospital, Mbarara, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harparkash","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research, International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy J.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research, International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Arunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research, International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer H. A.","family":"Mohamed-Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research, International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30448-5","article-title":"The global incidence and diagnosis of fungal keratitis","volume":"21","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-0825.2001.70103.x","article-title":"Adjunctive uses of chlorhexidine in oral candidoses: a review","volume":"7","author":"Ellepola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib4","first-page":"CD008676","article-title":"Chlorhexidine mouthrinse as an adjunctive treatment for gingival health","volume":"3","author":"James","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.2008.14.issue-7","article-title":"A randomised clinical trial of chlorhexidine in the maintenance of oral candidiasis-free period in HIV infection","volume":"14","author":"Nittayananta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.05.021","article-title":"Altered patterns of fungal keratitis at a London ophthalmic referral hospital: an eight-year retrospective observational study","volume":"168","author":"Ong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3109\/09286589709115721","article-title":"Trial of chlorhexidine gluconate for fungal corneal ulcers","volume":"4","author":"Rahman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.8.919","article-title":"Randomised trial of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 2.5% natamycin for fungal keratitis in Bangladesh","volume":"82","author":"Rahman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.06.009","article-title":"Acanthamoeba keratitis: diagnosis and treatment update 2009","volume":"148","author":"Dart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90169-0","article-title":"Treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis with chlorhexidine","volume":"106","author":"Kosrirukvongs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.26.6.793","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of chlorhexidine gluconate for ocular antisepsis","volume":"26","author":"Hamill","year":"1984","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e808","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12981","article-title":"Aqueous chlorhexidine (0.1%) is an effective alternative to povidone-iodine for intravitreal injection prophylaxis","volume":"94","author":"Oakley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3522","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.11.3522-3531.2002","article-title":"Action of chlorhexidine digluconate against yeast and filamentous forms in an early-stage Candida albicans biofilm","volume":"46","author":"Suci","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib14","first-page":"665","article-title":"Antifungal activity of chlorhexidine containing mouthrinses. An in vitro study","volume":"47","author":"Pizzo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Minerva Stomatol"},{"key":"bib15","first-page":"7061587","article-title":"Comparison of antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine, coconut oil, probiotics, and ketoconazole on Candida albicans isolated in children with early childhood caries: an in vitro study","volume":"2016","author":"Shino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientifica (Cairo)"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00130925","article-title":"Mycotic keratitis: susceptibility to antiseptic agents.","volume":"19","author":"Martin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int Opthalmol"},{"key":"bib17","first-page":"CD004241","article-title":"Medical interventions for fungal keratitis","volume":"4","author":"FlorCruz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e038066","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-038066","article-title":"Topical chlorhexidine 0.2% versus topical natamycin 5% for fungal keratitis in Nepal: rationale and design of a randomised controlled non-inferiority trial","volume":"10","author":"Hoffman","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000698","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2020-000698","article-title":"Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% as a treatment for recalcitrant fungal keratitis in Uganda: a pilot study","volume":"6","author":"Arunga","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/JAMPS\/2017\/33924","article-title":"Quality control tests for ophthalmic pharmaceuticals: pharmacopoeial standards and specifications","volume":"14","author":"Uddin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Adv Med Pharmaceut Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2014.08.003","article-title":"Formulation and stability of an extemporaneous 0.02% chlorhexidine digluconate ophthalmic solution","volume":"114","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Implementing standard operating procedures, guidelines and standards","volume":"13","author":"Pambo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmalink"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03420040091021","article-title":"Corneal damage due to eye contact with chlorhexidine gluconate","volume":"261","author":"Tabor","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318218237e","article-title":"Ocular surface reconstruction after exposure to high concentrations of antiseptic solutions","volume":"31","author":"Shigeyasu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"106","key":"bib33","first-page":"32","article-title":"Medication error affecting newborns\u2019 sight: a national response","volume":"32","author":"Mwangi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Community Eye Health"},{"key":"bib2","volume-title":"WHO Model List of Essential Medicines\u201421st List","author":"WHO","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib19","author":"ISRCTN Registry","year":"2023"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1159\/isbn.978-3-318-00780-0","volume-title":"Antiseptic Prophylaxis and Therapy in Ocular Infections: Principles, Clinical Practice, and Infection Control","author":"Kramer","year":"2002"},{"key":"bib24","volume-title":"Aspects of Chlorhexidine Degradation","author":"Purdy","year":"1987"},{"key":"bib25","volume-title":"The Local Small-Scale Production of Eye Drops. Eye Drop Update 2002","author":"WHO","year":"2002"},{"key":"bib26","volume-title":"Guideline on the Quality of Water for Pharmaceutical Use","author":"Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP), Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP)","year":"2020"},{"key":"bib28","article-title":"Chlorhexidine","author":"British National Formulary","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib29","article-title":"Inactive ingredient search for approved drug products","author":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","year":"2023"},{"key":"bib30","volume-title":"Compounding Guide for Opthalmic Preparations","author":"McElhiney","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science & Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2785316","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]],"date-time":"2024-10-13T05:01:38Z","timestamp":1728795698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2785316"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.12.1.27","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]}}}