{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T13:14:59Z","timestamp":1776950099949,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703635200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.12.12.21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T15:30:55Z","timestamp":1703691055000},"page":"21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Structure-Function Relationship in Keratoconus: Spatial and Depth Vision"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Preetam","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health and Psychological Sciences, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"},{"name":"Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health and Psychological Sciences, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pravin K.","family":"Vaddavalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Shantilal Sanghvi Cornea Institute, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher C.","family":"Hull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health and Psychological Sciences, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shrikant R.","family":"Bharadwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"},{"name":"Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2307\/1413176","article-title":"The causal relations between structure and function in biology","volume":"27","author":"Abbot","year":"1916","journal-title":"Am J Psychol"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6939","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10345","article-title":"The structure and function relationship in glaucoma: implications for detection of progression and measurement of rates of change","volume":"53","author":"Medeiros","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4623","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21936","article-title":"Structure-function relationships in perimetric glaucoma: comparison of minimum-rim width and retinal nerve fiber layer parameters","volume":"58","author":"Amini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05296-9","article-title":"Relationships between retinal structure and function and vision-related quality of life measures in advanced age-related macular degeneration","volume":"259","author":"Sabeti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.2.10","article-title":"Correlation of central versus peripheral macular structure-function with acuity in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"10","author":"Sabeti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(84)90094-8","article-title":"Keratoconus and related noninflammatory corneal thinning disorders","volume":"28","author":"Krachmer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(99)00195-9","article-title":"KISA% index: a quantitative videokeratography algorithm embodying minimal topographic criteria for diagnosing keratoconus","volume":"25","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"bib8","first-page":"2537","article-title":"Baseline findings in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study","volume":"39","author":"Zadnik","year":"1998","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2009.00372.x","article-title":"Predicting visual performance from optical quality metrics in keratoconus","volume":"92","author":"Schoneveld","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57993-w","article-title":"A computational analysis of retinal image quality in eyes with keratoconus","volume":"10","author":"Nilagiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-016-0038-6","article-title":"Assessing progression of keratoconus: novel tomographic determinants","volume":"3","author":"Duncan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye Vis (Lond)"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311651","article-title":"Evaluation of keratoconus progression","volume":"103","author":"Shajari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2007.03.001","article-title":"Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study: methods and findings to date","volume":"30","author":"Wagner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.2014.34.issue-5","article-title":"Optical quality and visual performance with customised soft contact lenses for keratoconus","volume":"34","author":"Jinabhai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2020.03.009","article-title":"Do visual performance and optical quality vary across different contact lens correction modalities in keratoconus?","volume":"43","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-022-00609-5","article-title":"The characteristics of quick contrast sensitivity function in keratoconus and its correlation with corneal topography","volume":"12","author":"Xian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/19.6.12","article-title":"Binocular cross-correlation analyses of the effects of high-order aberrations on the stereoacuity of eyes with keratoconus","volume":"19","author":"Metlapally","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.2.12","article-title":"Contrast rivalry paradigm reveals suppression of monocular input in keratoconus","volume":"62","author":"Marella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctm.2019.01.003","article-title":"Structure-function relationships in the renal NaCl cotransporter (NCC)","volume":"83","author":"Moreno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Top Membr"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-012-1345-4","article-title":"Structure-function relationships in human D-amino acid oxidase","volume":"43","author":"Sacchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.2012.40.issue-4","article-title":"\u2018Structure-function relationship\u2019 in glaucoma: past thinking and current concepts","volume":"40","author":"Malik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12971","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92396-5","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity and higher-order aberrations in keratoconus subjects","volume":"11","author":"Shneor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib23","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Face recognition in age-related maculopathy","volume":"32","author":"Bullimore","year":"1991","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199407000-00007","article-title":"Sensitivity of random dot stereoacuity and Snellen acuity to optical blur","volume":"71","author":"Schmidt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1068\/p261121","article-title":"Interactions of spatial frequency and unequal monocular contrasts in stereopsis","volume":"26","author":"Cormack","year":"1997","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2016.01.009","article-title":"Pentacam top indices for diagnosing subclinical and definite keratoconus","volume":"28","author":"Hashemi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Curr Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-100626","article-title":"Keratoconus: the ABCD Grading System","volume":"233","author":"Belin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.06.031","article-title":"Keratoconus screening indices and their diagnostic ability to distinguish normal from ectatic corneas","volume":"181","author":"Shetty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S44741","article-title":"Revisiting keratoconus diagnosis and progression classification based on evaluation of corneal asymmetry indices, derived from Scheimpflug imaging in keratoconic and suspect cases","volume":"7","author":"Kanellopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.121715","article-title":"Validation of a computerised logMAR visual acuity measurement system (COMPlog): comparison with ETDRS and the electronic ETDRS testing algorithm in adults and amblyopic children","volume":"92","author":"Laidlaw","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001205","article-title":"LogMAR and stereoacuity in keratoconus corrected with spectacles and rigid gas-permeable contact lenses","volume":"95","author":"Nilagiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","article-title":"The psychophysics toolbox","volume":"10","author":"Brainard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spat Vis"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1167\/10.3.17","article-title":"Bayesian adaptive estimation of the contrast sensitivity function: the quick CSF method","volume":"10","author":"Lesmes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1167\/14.8.3","article-title":"Quick contrast sensitivity measurements in the periphery","volume":"14","author":"Rosen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18084","article-title":"Comparing the shape of contrast sensitivity functions for normal and low vision","volume":"57","author":"Chung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1002\/btpr.v27.5","article-title":"Progress curve analysis of qRT-PCR reactions using the logistic growth equation","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol Prog"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199706000-00019","article-title":"Power vectors: an application of Fourier analysis to the description and statistical analysis of refractive error","volume":"74","author":"Thibos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(98)80284-8","article-title":"Live-epikeratophakia for keratoconus","volume":"24","author":"Krumeich","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.02.029","article-title":"Keratoconus natural progression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 529 eyes","volume":"126","author":"Ferdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002170","article-title":"Measurement of quality of life in keratoconus","volume":"39","author":"Kandel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002781","article-title":"Keratoconus: diagnosis and staging","volume":"41","author":"Belin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1080\/08820538.2022.2094711","article-title":"Impact of degraded optics on monocular and binocular vision: lessons from recent advances in highly-aberrated eyes","volume":"37","author":"Devi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31802e64f0","article-title":"Uncorrected wavefront error and visual performance during RGP wear in keratoconus","volume":"84","author":"Marsack","year":"2007","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199812000-00011","article-title":"Repeatability of refraction and corrected visual acuity in keratoconus. The CLEK Study Group. Collaborative longitudinal evaluation of keratoconus","volume":"75","author":"Davis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2001.00596.x","article-title":"Repeatability of subjective refraction in myopic and keratoconic subjects: results of vector analysis","volume":"21","author":"Raasch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.11.6","article-title":"Suprathreshold contrast perception is altered by long-term adaptation to habitual optical blur","volume":"63","author":"Ng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108310","article-title":"Suprathreshold contrast perception of resolvable high spatial frequencies remain intact in keratoconus","volume":"212","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.v70.4","article-title":"Regression analysis of correlated ordinal data using orthogonalized residuals","volume":"70","author":"Perin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0243823","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243823","article-title":"Piece-wise linear models of biological systems-application, analysis, and comparison with nonlinear models using the example of the p53 regulatory module","volume":"15","author":"Ochab","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.2012.33.issue-1","article-title":"Statistical guidelines for the analysis of data obtained from one or both eyes","volume":"33","author":"Armstrong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1167\/4.4.9","article-title":"Accuracy and precision of objective refraction from wavefront aberrations","volume":"4","author":"Thibos","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(83)90179-7","article-title":"Disparity range for local stereopsis as a function of luminance spatial frequency","volume":"23","author":"Schor","year":"1983","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000270","article-title":"Outcome of keratoconus management: review of the past 20 years\u2019 contemporary treatment modalities","volume":"43","author":"Mandathara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31816485d3","article-title":"CLMI: the cone location and magnitude index","volume":"27","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2022.101794","article-title":"Computational analysis of retinal image quality with different contact lens designs in keratoconus","volume":"46","author":"Devi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1167\/JOV.20.7.20","article-title":"Combining optical and neural components in physiological visual image quality metrics as functions of luminance and age","volume":"20","author":"Hastings","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1167\/13.13.28","article-title":"Change in visual acuity is well correlated with change in image-quality metrics for both normal and keratoconic wavefront errors","volume":"13","author":"Ravikumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.v42.2","article-title":"Assessing the visual image quality provided by refractive corrections during keratoconus progression","volume":"42","author":"Rozema","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18336","article-title":"Depth perception and grasp in central field loss","volume":"57","author":"Verghese","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003119","article-title":"Patient-reported outcomes in keratoconus: a Save Sight Keratoconus Registry Study","volume":"42","author":"Kandel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.v50.4","article-title":"Quality of life impact of eye diseases: a Save Sight Registries study","volume":"50","author":"Kandel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib24","first-page":"772","article-title":"Stereoscopic acuity with defocused and spatially filtered retinal images","volume-title":"J Opt Soc Am A","author":"Westheimer","year":"1980"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2793226","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T15:31:00Z","timestamp":1703691060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2793226"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.12.12.21","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]}}}