{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T13:39:10Z","timestamp":1776346750631,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688342400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.12.7.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T14:31:43Z","timestamp":1688394703000},"page":"1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["FluoroPi Device With SmartProbes: A Frugal Point-of-Care System for Fluorescent Detection of Bacteria From a Pre-Clinical Model of Microbial Keratitis"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Syam Mohan P. C.","family":"Mohanan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kay","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheelagh","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Kiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Lochenie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephnie","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. Venkatesh","family":"Prajna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel L.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Dhaliwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gareth O. S.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bethany","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_3069_21","article-title":"Commentary: Tackling the \u201csilent epidemic\u201d","volume":"70","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.19.232660","article-title":"Infectious corneal ulceration: a proposal for neglected tropical disease status","volume":"97","author":"Ung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2018.12.003","article-title":"The persistent dilemma of microbial keratitis: global burden, diagnosis, and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"64","author":"Ung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.07.040","article-title":"The Asia Cornea Society Infectious Keratitis Study: a prospective multicenter study of infectious keratitis in Asia","volume":"195","author":"Khor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715118","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.715118","article-title":"Risk factors, clinical outcomes, and prognostic factors of bacterial keratitis: the Nottingham infectious keratitis study","volume":"8","author":"Ting","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-306414","article-title":"Comparison of culture-negative and culture-positive microbial keratitis: cause of culture negativity, clinical features and final outcome","volume":"99","author":"Bhadange","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.06.014","article-title":"Exploratory use of fluorescent SmartProbes for the rapid detection of microbial isolates causing corneal ulcer","volume":"219","author":"Gunasekaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307091","article-title":"Impression membrane for the diagnosis of microbial keratitis","volume":"100","author":"Kaye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5671","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10235671","article-title":"An evaluation of a simplified impression membrane sampling method for the diagnosis of microbial keratitis","volume":"10","author":"Somerville","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2018.1454964","article-title":"Epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical outcomes in severe microbial keratitis in South India","volume":"25","author":"Chidambaram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1821_18","article-title":"Demographic and socioeconomic barriers and treatment seeking behaviors of patients with infectious keratitis requiring therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty","volume":"67","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2022.100038","article-title":"Early treatment of corneal abrasions and ulcers\u2013estimating clinical and economic outcomes","volume":"4","author":"Rathi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.07.023","article-title":"A 5-year retrospective analysis of the risk factors, treatment and prognosis of patients with fungal keratitis in Heilongjiang","volume":"244","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2075","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002075","article-title":"A new concept for medical imaging centered on cellular phone technology","volume":"3","author":"Granot","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.381014","article-title":"Frugal filtering optical lenses for point-of-care diagnostics","volume":"11","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3298","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21543-2","article-title":"A dual-mode mobile phone microscope using the onboard camera flash and ambient light","volume":"8","author":"Orth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"040902","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.26.4.040902","article-title":"Smartphone-based imaging systems for medical applications: a critical review","volume":"26","author":"Hunt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-01860-5","article-title":"Pocket MUSE: an affordable, versatile and high-performance fluorescence microscope using a smartphone","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"bib19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Handheld projective imaging device for near-infrared fluorescence imaging and intraoperative guidance of sentinel lymph node resection","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres","article-title":"Democratising \u201cMicroscopi\u201d: a 3D printed automated XYZT fluorescence imaging system for teaching, outreach and fieldwork","volume":"6","author":"Wincott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.385729","article-title":"Robotic microscopy for everyone: the OpenFlexure microscope","volume":"11","author":"Collins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaal0033","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal0033","article-title":"In situ identification of Gram-negative bacteria in human lungs using a topical fluorescent peptide targeting lipid A","volume":"10","author":"Akram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-020-05021-4","article-title":"Molecular detection of Gram-positive bacteria in the human lung through an optical fiber-based endoscope","volume":"48","author":"Mills","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-019-6303-1","article-title":"Poly-e-lysine based hydrogels as synthetic substrates for the expansion of corneal endothelial cells for transplantation","volume":"30","author":"Kennedy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mater Sci Mater Med"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.10.18","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of poly-epsilon-lysine peptide hydrogels against Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"61","author":"Kennedy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1111\/mee3.v12.9","article-title":"Broad-scale applications of the Raspberry Pi: a review and guide for biologists","volume":"12","author":"Jolles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuv029","article-title":"Targeted imaging of bacterial infections: advances, hurdles and hopes","volume":"39","author":"van Oosten","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s40336-016-0180-0","article-title":"Optical imaging of bacterial infections","volume":"4","author":"Mills","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Transl Imaging"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70578-3","article-title":"Fluorescence versus conventional sputum smear microscopy for tuberculosis: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Steingart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CC05531C","article-title":"Small-molecule fluorescent probes: big future for specific bacterial labeling and infection detection","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem Commun (Camb)"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8422","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44804-0","article-title":"Enhanced avidity from a multivalent fluorescent antimicrobial peptide enables pathogen detection in a human lung model","volume":"9","author":"Akram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2018.11.018","article-title":"Fluorescent peptides for imaging of fungal cells","volume":"661","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"017502","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/abd494","article-title":"Review: Recent progress in portable fluorescence sensors","volume":"168","author":"Shin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Electrochem Soc"},{"key":"bib36","first-page":"e61156","article-title":"Establishing a porcine ex vivo cornea model for studying drug treatments against bacterial keratitis","volume":"159","author":"Okurowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2022.05.004","article-title":"Preclinical confirmation of UVC efficacy in treating infectious keratitis","volume":"25","author":"Marasini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10778","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10778","article-title":"Evaluation of full-length nanopore 16S sequencing for detection of pathogens in microbial keratitis","volume":"9","author":"Low","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9112450","article-title":"Corneal infection models: tools to investigate the role of biofilms in bacterial keratitis","volume":"9","author":"Urwin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1198-743x.2001.00326.x","article-title":"A European perspective on nosocomial urinary tract infections I. Report on the microbiology workload, etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility (ESGNI-003 study)","volume":"7","author":"Bouza","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000075786.19301.91","article-title":"Optimal threshold for diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia using bronchoalveolar lavage","volume":"55","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"bib42","first-page":"145","article-title":"Biological staining and culturing in infectious keratitis: controversy in clinical utility","volume":"8","author":"Moshirfar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11230","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2541457","article-title":"A portable device using a single-board computer for white light and fluorescence widefield images","volume-title":"Proceedings of SPIE 11230: Optics and Biophotonics in Low-Resource Settings","author":"Feitosa","year":"2020"},{"key":"bib25","volume-title":"Picamera 1.13 Documentation","author":"Jones","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2791265","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T14:31:55Z","timestamp":1688394715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2791265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.12.7.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]}}}