{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T06:50:13Z","timestamp":1793170213430,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705449600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.13.1.15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T17:56:59Z","timestamp":1705514219000},"page":"15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ultra-Widefield Imaging of the Retinal Macrovasculature in Parkinson Disease Versus Controls With Normal Cognition Using Alpha-Shapes Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Justin P.","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"iMIND Study Group, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cason B.","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMIND Study Group, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Pead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VAMPIRE Project, Centre for Clinical Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"McGrory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VAMPIRE Project, Centre for Clinical Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlene","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VAMPIRE Project, Centre for Clinical Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilraj S.","family":"Grewal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMIND Study Group, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burton L.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMIND Study Group, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Trucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VAMPIRE Project, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom J.","family":"MacGillivray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VAMPIRE Project, Centre for Clinical Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Fekrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMIND Study Group, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease: a review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.2009.30.issue-5","article-title":"The second brain and Parkinson's disease","volume":"30","author":"Lebouvier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp068","article-title":"The retina in Parkinson's disease","volume":"132","author":"Archibald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-150686","article-title":"Oculo-visual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease","volume":"5","author":"Armstrong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-020-01274-w","article-title":"Does retina play a role in Parkinson's disease?","volume":"120","author":"Mohana Devi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000103444.45882.D8","article-title":"Ophthalmologic features of Parkinson's disease","volume":"62","author":"Biousse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-007-9091-8","article-title":"Correlation between retinal morphological and functional findings and clinical severity in Parkinson's disease","volume":"116","author":"Altintas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.v33.8","article-title":"Phosphorylated a-synuclein in the retina is a biomarker of Parkinson's disease pathology severity","volume":"33","author":"Ortu\u00f1o-Lizar\u00e1n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13062","article-title":"Electrophysiology and optical coherence tomography to evaluate Parkinson disease severity","volume":"55","author":"Garcia-Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0538-8","article-title":"Unified staging system for Lewy body disorders: correlation with nigrostriatal degeneration, cognitive impairment and motor dysfunction","volume":"117","author":"Beach","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.07.030","article-title":"The neurovascular unit coming of age: a journey through neurovascular coupling in health and disease","volume":"96","author":"Iadecola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0234-x","article-title":"The role of brain vasculature in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"21","author":"Sweeney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.2013.23.issue-2","article-title":"Vascular degeneration in Parkinson's disease","volume":"23","author":"Guan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.136","article-title":"Parkinson disease and comorbid cerebrovascular disease","volume":"5","author":"Nanhoe-Mahabier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"18","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002082","article-title":"Cerebral small vessel disease and incident parkinsonism: the RUN DMC study","volume":"85","author":"van der Holst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.108.784876","article-title":"Retinal vascular imaging: a new tool in microvascular disease research","volume":"1","author":"Liew","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0161136","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161136","article-title":"Evaluation of retinal vessel morphology in patients with Parkinson's disease using optical coherence tomography","volume":"11","author":"Kromer","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e578","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.2015.93.issue-7","article-title":"Detection of retinal changes in idiopathic Parkinson's disease using high-resolution optical coherence tomography and Heidelberg retina tomography","volume":"93","author":"Bittersohl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002641","article-title":"Characterization by fractal dimension analysis of the retinal capillary network in Parkinson disease","volume":"40","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23230","article-title":"Retinal microvascular impairment in the early stages of Parkinson's disease","volume":"59","author":"Kwapong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.146","article-title":"The avascular zone and neuronal remodeling of the fovea in Parkinson disease","volume":"2","author":"Miri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib22","first-page":"4831","article-title":"Pilot study for neurological and retinal imaging as biomarkers for Parkinson's disease using optical coherence tomography-angiography","volume":"61","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.5928","article-title":"Neurologic dysfunction assessment in Parkinson disease based on fundus photographs using deep learning","volume":"141","author":"Ahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100938","article-title":"Past, present and future role of retinal imaging in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"83","author":"Kashani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2017.11.006","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography findings in Parkinson's disease","volume":"34","author":"Aydin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-019-0097-4","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography and cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson disease","volume":"55","author":"Elkhatib","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.AIAN_152_18","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography findings in patients of Parkinson's disease: an Indian perspective","volume":"21","author":"Sengupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5780","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20045","article-title":"Retinal capillary density and foveal avascular zone area are age-dependent: quantitative analysis using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"57","author":"Iafe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib29","first-page":"1154","article-title":"Capillary-free area of the fovea with advancing age","volume":"16","author":"Laatikainen","year":"1977","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.21037\/qims","article-title":"Combination of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography increases diagnostic efficacy of Parkinson's disease","volume":"10","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.5730","article-title":"Characterization of retinal microvascular and choroidal structural changes in Parkinson disease","volume":"139","author":"Robbins","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2012.708812","article-title":"Ultra-wide field retinal imaging in detection, classification, and management of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"27","author":"Soliman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.v33.10","article-title":"Validation of the MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease","volume":"33","author":"Postuma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.11.016","article-title":"Assessment of accuracy and precision of quantification of ultra-widefield images","volume":"122","author":"Sagong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2017.2762963","article-title":"A graph cut approach to artery\/vein classification in ultra-widefield scanning laser ophthalmoscopy","volume":"37","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4329","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.5.004329","article-title":"Blood vessel segmentation and width estimation in ultra-wide field scanning laser ophthalmoscopy","volume":"5","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.12.1.13","article-title":"Retinal vascular changes in Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a pilot study using ultra-widefield imaging","volume":"12","author":"Pead","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6259047","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6259047","article-title":"Reliability of using retinal vascular fractal dimension as a biomarker in the diabetic retinopathy detection","volume":"2016","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22814","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02329-5","article-title":"2D alpha-shapes to quantify retinal microvasculature morphology and their application to proliferative diabetic retinopathy characterisation in fundus photographs","volume":"11","author":"Pead","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e233","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.150","article-title":"Retinal vascular biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"3","author":"Frost","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2006.879316","article-title":"Multifractal analysis of human retinal vessels","volume":"25","author":"Stosic","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-018-0873-7","article-title":"Retinal vessel diameter obtained by optical coherence tomography is spared in Parkinson's disease","volume":"39","author":"Gulmez Sevim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000335123","article-title":"Twisted blood vessels: symptoms, etiology and biomechanical mechanisms","volume":"49","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vasc Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13201","article-title":"Retinal vessel tortuosity associated with central retinal vein occlusion: an optical coherence tomography study","volume":"55","author":"Muraoka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64564","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064564","article-title":"Impact of coronary tortuosity on coronary blood supply: a patient-specific study","volume":"8","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3 suppl","key":"bib48","first-page":"S48","article-title":"Understanding white matter disease: imaging-pathological correlations in vascular cognitive impairment","volume":"40","author":"Black","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/nen.0b013e3180537147","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of arteriolar tortuosity in human cerebral white matter of preterm, young, and aged subjects","volume":"66","author":"Thore","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0598-3","article-title":"Retinal vascular tortuosity assessment: inter-intra expert analysis and correlation with computational measurements","volume":"18","author":"Ramos","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.06.009","article-title":"Microvascular network alterations in the retina of patients with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"10","author":"Cheung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150457","article-title":"Retinal oximetry imaging in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"49","author":"Einarsdottir","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib53","first-page":"e12070","article-title":"Peri-arterial pathways for clearance of a-synuclein and tau from the brain: implications for the pathogenesis of dementias and for immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Nimmo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst)"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00297-5","article-title":"Expression of alpha-synuclein, the precursor of non-amyloid beta component of Alzheimer's disease amyloid, in human cerebral blood vessels","volume":"326","author":"Tamo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.12.3.207","article-title":"The physiological principle of minimum work: I. the vascular system and the cost of blood volume","volume":"12","author":"Murray","year":"1926","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.183480","article-title":"Microvasular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus: distinct or continuum?","volume":"20","author":"Chawla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib57","first-page":"110","article-title":"Optical coherence tomographic findings in highly myopic eyes","volume":"5","author":"Faghihi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"key":"bib38","first-page":"113","article-title":"Tortuosity classification of corneal nerves images using a multiple-scale-multiple-window approach","volume-title":"Ophthalmic Medical Image Analysis International Workshop Conference Proceedings","author":"Annunziata","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science & Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2793290","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T07:17:24Z","timestamp":1731050244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2793290"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.13.1.15","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]}}}