{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T01:08:54Z","timestamp":1780967334390,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.13.11.4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T15:30:55Z","timestamp":1730993455000},"page":"4","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Impairment of Neurovascular Function in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bang","family":"Bui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn H.","family":"Guymer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilson","family":"Heriot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Metha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi D.","family":"Luu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01280","article-title":"Oxidative stress in age-related macular degeneration: Nrf2 as therapeutic target","volume":"9","author":"Bellezza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-019-00138-3","article-title":"Microvascular contributions to age-related macular degeneration (AMD): from mechanisms of choriocapillaris aging to novel interventions","volume":"41","author":"Lipecz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(00)00140-5","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"45","author":"Beatty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"pt 2","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1990.39","article-title":"In vivo choroidal circulation and its watershed zones","volume":"4","author":"Hayreh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2008.01247.x","article-title":"Topographic variation of the choroidal watershed zone and its relationship to neovascularization in patients with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"87","author":"Mendrinos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.003","article-title":"The relationship of atherosclerosis to the 10-year cumulative incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Beaver Dam studies","volume":"120","author":"Klein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.09.033","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors and the long-term incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"114","author":"Tan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1076\/opep.6.2.125.1558","article-title":"Do age-related macular degeneration and cardiovascular disease share common antecedents?","volume":"6","author":"Snow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100140393005","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration and smoking. The Rotterdam Study","volume":"114","author":"Vingerling","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117648","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration is associated with atherosclerosis. The Rotterdam Study","volume":"142","author":"Vingerling","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002237","article-title":"Choroidal thickness, vascular factors, and age-related macular degeneration: the ALIENOR Study","volume":"39","author":"Gattoussi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000035","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"34","author":"Jonas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672120919341","article-title":"Choroidal vascularity index determined by binarization of enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography images in eyes with intermediate age-related macular degeneration","volume":"30","author":"Ozcaliskan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e597","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13399","article-title":"Choroidal vascular changes in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"95","author":"Koh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.08.014","article-title":"Topographic analysis of the choriocapillaris in intermediate age-related macular degeneration","volume":"196","author":"Borrelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e919","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14088","article-title":"Quantitative choriocapillaris evaluation in intermediate age-related macular degeneration by swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"97","author":"Vujosevic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5246","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23600","article-title":"Variation of retinal and choroidal vasculatures in patients with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"59","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309481","article-title":"Choroid morphometric analysis in non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration by means of optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"101","author":"Cicinelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-018-0119-9","article-title":"Choriocapillaris vascular density changes in patients with drusen: cross-sectional study based on optical coherence tomography angiography findings","volume":"7","author":"Chatziralli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-017-0671-7","article-title":"Choriocapillaris\u2019 alterations in the presence of reticular pseudodrusen compared to drusen: study based on OCTA findings","volume":"38","author":"Chatziralli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0866-3","article-title":"Retinal vascular flow and choroidal thickness in eyes with early age-related macular degeneration with reticular pseudodrusen","volume":"18","author":"Ahn","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000962","article-title":"Retinal vascular plexuses\u2019 changes in dry age-related macular degeneration, evaluated by means of optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"36","author":"Toto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.4.20","article-title":"Vascular changes in intermediate age-related macular degeneration quantified using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"8","author":"Trinh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"pt 2","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1990.43","article-title":"Control of retinal and choroidal blood flow","volume":"4","author":"Bill","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.12.001","article-title":"Neural control of choroidal blood flow","volume":"64","author":"Reiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2006.036376","article-title":"Signalling within the neurovascular unit in the mammalian retina","volume":"92","author":"Metea","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2589-x","article-title":"Interpericyte tunnelling nanotubes regulate neurovascular coupling","volume":"585","author":"Alarcon-Martinez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2009.01718.x","article-title":"Dynamic retinal vessel response to flicker in age-related macular degeneration patients before and after vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor injection","volume":"89","author":"Lanzl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e315","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13622","article-title":"Hypoxia challenge test and retinal circulation changes \u2013 a study using ocular coherence tomography angiography","volume":"96","author":"Sousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.6.49","article-title":"Retinal vascular reactivity in type 1 diabetes patients without retinopathy using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"61","author":"Sousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H23","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00495.2020","article-title":"Plexus-specific effect of flicker-light stimulation on the retinal microvasculature assessed with optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"320","author":"Kallab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.036","article-title":"Clinical classification of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"120","author":"Ferris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.7.3.3","article-title":"Repeatability of retinal sensitivity measurements using a Medmont dark-adapted chromatic perimeter in healthy and age-related macular degeneration cases","volume":"7","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5436","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19295","article-title":"Assessment of retinotopic rod photoreceptor function using a dark-adapted chromatic perimeter in intermediate age-related macular degeneration","volume":"57","author":"Fraser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7764","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12525","article-title":"Retinal arteriolar dilation to flicker light is reduced on short-term retesting","volume":"54","author":"Noonan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1989.sp017685","article-title":"Sensitivity of macaque retinal ganglion cells to chromatic and luminance flicker","volume":"414","author":"Lee","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-03-00840.1992","article-title":"Energy metabolism of rabbit retina as related to function: high cost of Na+ transport","volume":"12","author":"Ames","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4962","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0291","article-title":"Chorioretinal vascular oxygen tension changes in response to light flicker","volume":"47","author":"Shakoor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib39","first-page":"2721","article-title":"Influence of flicker frequency on flicker-induced changes of retinal vessel diameter","volume":"43","author":"Polak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5476","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14940","article-title":"Flicker-induced retinal arteriole dilation is reduced by ambient lighting","volume":"55","author":"Noonan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.08.045","article-title":"Guidelines for imaging the choriocapillaris using OCT angiography","volume":"222","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13984","article-title":"Visualising the choriocapillaris: histology, imaging modalities and clinical research \u2013 a review","volume":"50","author":"Ng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6055","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13811","article-title":"Response of inner retinal oxygen extraction fraction to light flicker under normoxia and hypoxia in rat","volume":"55","author":"Teng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18291","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18291","article-title":"Relation of retinal blood flow and retinal oxygen extraction during stimulation with diffuse luminance flicker","volume":"5","author":"Palkovits","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.24.2.109.8164","article-title":"Influence of diffuse luminance flicker on choroidal and optic nerve head blood flow","volume":"24","author":"Garhofer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2003.11.013","article-title":"Diffuse luminance flicker increases blood flow in major retinal arteries and veins","volume":"44","author":"Garhofer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2003.08.069","article-title":"Temporal dynamics and magnitude of the blood flow response at the optic disk in normal subjects during functional retinal flicker-stimulation","volume":"356","author":"Riva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.4.534","article-title":"Subclinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and early age-related macular degeneration in a multiracial cohort: the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"125","author":"Klein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.3.351","article-title":"Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and age-related macular degeneration. Age-Related Macular Degeneration Risk Factors Study Group","volume":"118","author":"Hyman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100036","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2022-001154","article-title":"Subretinal drusenoid deposits are strongly associated with coexistent high-risk vascular diseases","volume":"7","author":"Ledesma-Gil","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2013.840384","article-title":"Retinal blood flow velocity in patients with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"39","author":"Burgansky-Eliash","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.02.005","article-title":"Low-luminance visual acuity and microperimetry in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"121","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6431","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14407","article-title":"Comparison between multifocal electroretinography and microperimetry in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5470","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5429","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA damage as a potential mechanism for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"51","author":"Karunadharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7304","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0190-15.2015","article-title":"Investigating mitochondria as a target for treating age-related macular degeneration","volume":"35","author":"Terluk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101201","article-title":"Mitochondrial oxidative stress in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) led to metabolic dysfunction in both the RPE and retinal photoreceptors","volume":"24","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8907","article-title":"Choroidal changes associated with reticular pseudodrusen","volume":"53","author":"Querques","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7075","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12474","article-title":"Reticular pseudodrusen in early age-related macular degeneration are associated with choroidal thinning","volume":"54","author":"Garg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0253928","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253928","article-title":"Association between smoking history and optical coherence tomography angiography findings in diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782010","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.782010","article-title":"Retinal microvascular reactivity in chronic cigarette smokers and non-smokers: an observational cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001916","article-title":"Impact of hypertension on retinal capillary microvasculature using optical coherence tomographic angiography","volume":"37","author":"Chua","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hypertens"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2802216","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T15:30:57Z","timestamp":1730993457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2802216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.13.11.4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]}}}