{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T21:27:59Z","timestamp":1790458079410,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.13.8.31","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T18:43:11Z","timestamp":1724265791000},"page":"31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Light Therapy for Myopia Prevention and Control: A Systematic Review on Effectiveness, Safety, and Implementation"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dylan James","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sriram","family":"P. L.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jooyeon","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seang-Mei","family":"Saw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore"},{"name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore"},{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Sevdalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Behavioural and Implementation Science Interventions (BISI), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"Centre for Holistic Initiatives for Learning and Development, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond P.","family":"Najjar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore"},{"name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore"},{"name":"Eye N' Brain Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"Centre for Innovation & Precision Eye Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"bib1","first-page":"243-A0097\u2013243-A0097","article-title":"The role of myopia in 2020 uncorrected global visual impairment","volume":"63","author":"Jong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib2","first-page":"1104","article-title":"Progression of myopia in children and teenagers: a nationwide longitudinal study","volume":"106","author":"Tricard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib3","first-page":"3633","article-title":"Parental myopia, near work, school achievement, and children's refractive error","volume":"43","author":"Mutti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-024-00354-7","article-title":"The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia","volume":"43","author":"Biswas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Physiol Anthropol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25957","article-title":"IMI - Defining and classifying myopia: a proposed set of standards for clinical and epidemiologic studies","volume":"60","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49","article-title":"The complications of myopia: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Haarman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004","article-title":"The epidemics of myopia: aetiology and prevention","volume":"62","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062314","article-title":"The effectiveness and tolerability of atropine eye drops for myopia control in non-Asian regions","volume":"12","author":"Simonaviciute","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib10","first-page":"399","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of orthokeratology to control myopia progression","volume":"49","author":"Lv","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182357f79","article-title":"Myopia progression rates in urban children wearing single-vision spectacles","volume":"89","author":"Donovan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.12.019","article-title":"Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children","volume":"115","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.150979","article-title":"Outdoor activity and myopia in Singapore teenage children","volume":"93","author":"Dirani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000219","article-title":"Near work, outdoor activity, and their association with refractive error","volume":"91","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.02.035","article-title":"Risk factors for incident myopia in Australian schoolchildren: the Sydney Adolescent Vascular and Eye Study","volume":"120","author":"French","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25158414211059246","DOI":"10.1177\/25158414211059246","article-title":"Light and myopia: from epidemiological studies to neurobiological mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Muralidharan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Adv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.4.7","article-title":"The effects of different outdoor environments, sunglasses and hats on light levels: implications for myopia prevention","volume":"8","author":"Lanca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314675","article-title":"How does spending time outdoors protect against myopia? A review","volume":"104","author":"Lingham","year":"2020","journal-title":"B J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.06.024","article-title":"Time outdoors in reducing myopia: a school-based cluster randomized trial with objective monitoring of outdoor time and light intensity","volume":"129","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.12.011","article-title":"Myopia prevention and outdoor light intensity in a school-based cluster randomized trial","volume":"125","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.009","article-title":"Outdoor activity during class recess reduces myopia onset and progression in school children","volume":"120","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05794-4","article-title":"Low-intensity red-light therapy in slowing myopic progression and the rebound effect after its cessation in Chinese children: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"261","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e239612","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.9612","article-title":"Effect of repeated low-level red light on myopia prevention among children in China with premyopia: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.08.024","article-title":"Myopia control effect of repeated low-level red-light therapy in Chinese children: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial","volume":"130","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.11.023","article-title":"Effect of repeated low-level red-light therapy for myopia control in children: a multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"129","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-023-00875-x","article-title":"The effects of repeated low-level red-light therapy on the structure and vasculature of the choroid and retina in children with premyopia","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1159\/000529819","article-title":"A study on the effectiveness of 650-nm red-light feeding instruments in the control of myopia","volume":"66","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1159\/000527787","article-title":"Immediate effect in retina and choroid after 650 nm low-level red light therapy in children","volume":"66","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"issue":"174","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.24976\/Discov.Med.202335174.2","article-title":"Low-power red laser treatment for anisometropic myopia control in children: a contralateral comparison study","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Discov Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14149","article-title":"Sustained and rebound effect of repeated low-level red-light therapy on myopia control: a 2-year post-trial follow-up study","volume":"50","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2023.08.020","article-title":"Efficacy of different powers of low-level red light in children for myopia control","volume":"131","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13202","article-title":"Effect of red-light therapy on retinal and choroidal blood perfusion in myopic children","volume":"43","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib33","first-page":"2021:8915867","article-title":"Orthokeratology and low-intensity laser therapy for slowing the progression of myopia in children","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-022-00585-w","article-title":"Investigation of the efficacy and safety of 650 nm low-level red light for myopia control in children: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"issue":"22","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5462","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10225462","article-title":"Effect of violet light-transmitting eyeglasses on axial elongation in myopic children: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Mori","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6000","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206000","article-title":"Short-term exposure to violet light emitted from eyeglass frames in myopic children: a randomized pilot clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Torii","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12207","article-title":"Elevated light levels in schools have a protective effect on myopia","volume":"35","author":"Hua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.03.036","article-title":"Efficacy of repeated low-level red-light therapy for slowing the progression of childhood myopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"252","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2023-323798","article-title":"Light exposure therapy for myopia control: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis","volume":"108","author":"Zaabaar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S203","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_1037_23","article-title":"A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness and safety of the repeated low-level red light therapy in slowing the progression of myopia in children and adolescents","volume":"72","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-024-03337-5","article-title":"Efficacy of repeated low-level red light (RLRL) therapy on myopia outcomes in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Youssef","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2019144","article-title":"School-based programme to address childhood myopia in Singapore","volume":"62","author":"Karuppiah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004","article-title":"The epidemics of myopia: aetiology and prevention","volume":"62","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.01.054","article-title":"Increased time outdoors is followed by reversal of the long-term trend to reduced visual acuity in Taiwan primary school students","volume":"127","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","article-title":"ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1411","article-title":"Risk-of-bias VISualization (ROBvis): An R package and Shiny web app for visualizing risk-of-bias assessments","volume":"12","author":"McGuinness","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-010-0319-7","article-title":"Outcomes for implementation research: conceptual distinctions, measurement challenges, and research agenda","volume":"38","author":"Proctor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adm Policy Ment Health"},{"issue":"15","key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4264","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154264","article-title":"A cross-sectional observational study of the relationship between outdoor exposure and myopia in university students, measured by conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF)","volume":"11","author":"Bilbao-Malav\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.022","article-title":"Effect of day length on eye growth, myopia progression, and change of corneal power in myopic children","volume":"120","author":"Cui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-9091","article-title":"Time outdoors and physical activity as predictors of incident myopia in childhood: a prospective cohort study","volume":"53","author":"Guggenheim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.3.2","article-title":"Outdoor jogging and myopia progression in school children from rural Beijing: the Beijing Children Eye Study","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0175921","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175921","article-title":"Outdoor activity and myopia progression in 4-year follow-up of Chinese primary school children: the Beijing Children Eye Study","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4913","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S328281","article-title":"Effect of sunshine duration on myopia in primary school students from northern and southern China","volume":"14","author":"Leng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-318918","article-title":"Association of time outdoors and patterns of light exposure with myopia in children","volume":"107","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85825-y","article-title":"Time spent outdoors in childhood is associated with reduced risk of myopia as an adult","volume":"11","author":"Lingham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.29271\/jcpsp.2021.09.1126","article-title":"Sunlight exposure: a protective role in the development of myopia","volume":"31","author":"Naqvi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001208","article-title":"Objectively measured light exposure during school and summer in children","volume":"95","author":"Ostrin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6779","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15978","article-title":"Light exposure and eye growth in childhood","volume":"56","author":"Read","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2018.05.008","article-title":"The effect of light and outdoor activity in natural lighting on the progression of myopia in children","volume":"42","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Tocino","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31827cda5b","article-title":"Assessment of daily light and ultraviolet exposure in young adults","volume":"90","author":"Schmid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2021.0170","article-title":"Effect of classroom illuminance on the development and progression of myopia in school children","volume":"36","author":"Suh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-022-00644-2","article-title":"Clinically significant axial shortening in myopic children after repeated low-level red light therapy: a retrospective multicenter analysis","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"issue":"174","key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.24976\/Discov.Med.202335174.2","article-title":"Low-power red laser treatment for anisometropic myopia control in children: a contralateral comparison study","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Discov Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.4752","article-title":"Association between myopia, ultraviolet B radiation exposure, serum vitamin D concentrations, and genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D metabolic pathways in a multicountry European study","volume":"135","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0181772","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181772","article-title":"Pilot study of a novel classroom designed to prevent myopia by increasing children's exposure to outdoor light","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12939","article-title":"Low-intensity, long-wavelength red light slows the progression of myopia in children: an Eastern China-based cohort","volume":"42","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-023-00671-7","article-title":"Axial shortening in myopic children after repeated low-level red-light therapy: post hoc analysis of a randomized trial","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.10.002","article-title":"Longitudinal changes and predictive value of choroidal thickness for myopia control after repeated low-level red-light therapy","volume":"130","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2023.10.22","article-title":"Axial length shortening in myopic children with Stickler syndrome after repeated low-level red-light therapy","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.10.33","article-title":"Efficacy comparison of repeated low-level red light and low-dose atropine for myopia control: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-015-0052-9","article-title":"Effect of outdoor activity on myopia onset and progression in school-aged children in northeast China: the Sujiatun Eye Care Study","volume":"15","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270826","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1270826","article-title":"An empirical study on the effect of outdoor illumination and exercise intervention on children's vision","volume":"11","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12112","article-title":"A cluster randomised controlled trial evaluating an incentive-based outdoor physical activity programme to increase outdoor time and prevent myopia in children","volume":"34","author":"Ngo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3431","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S318674","article-title":"Effect of low-level laser irradiation on accommodation and visual fatigue","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-024-03337-5","article-title":"Efficacy of repeated low-level red light (RLRL) therapy on myopia outcomes in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Youssef","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13272","article-title":"Red light instruments for myopia exceed safety limits","volume":"44","author":"Ostrin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13295","article-title":"A response to 'Red light instruments for myopia exceed safety limits","volume":"44","author":"Battersby","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2340986","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.40986","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of myopia progression interventions in children","volume":"6","author":"Agyekum","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.101002","article-title":"Axial length shortening in a myopic child with anisometropic amblyopia after wearing violet light-transmitting eyeglasses for 2 years","volume":"20","author":"Ofuji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sder.2011.08.002","article-title":"Ultraviolet A radiation: its role in immunosuppression and carcinogenesis","volume":"30","author":"Halliday","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Cutan Med Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2019.03.005","article-title":"Effects of irradiance on UVA-induced skin aging","volume":"94","author":"Lan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173580","article-title":"Association of exposure to ultraviolet radiation and warm-season ozone air pollution with incident age-related macular degeneration: a nationwide cohort study in China","volume":"938","author":"Qu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003917","article-title":"Lifetime ambient ultraviolet radiation exposure and incidence of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"44","author":"Amari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib88","first-page":"851","article-title":"Ultraviolet and green light cause different types of damage in rat retina","volume":"36","author":"Gorgels","year":"1995","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0b013e3181e180d5","article-title":"A case of retinal injury by a violet light-emitting diode","volume":"5","author":"Obana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retin Cases Brief Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2021.0170","article-title":"Effect of classroom illuminance on the development and progression of myopia in school children","volume":"36","author":"Suh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1159\/000501937","article-title":"Significance of outdoor time for myopia prevention: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials","volume":"63","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.101914","article-title":"Outdoor activities and sunburn among urban and rural families in a Western region of the US: implications for skin cancer prevention","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15133281","article-title":"Skin cancer risk, sun-protection knowledge and behavior in athletes-a narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Kliniec","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/10937400601034563","article-title":"Environmental hazards: evidence for effects on child health","volume":"10","author":"Wigle","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14942","article-title":"Near work, screen time, outdoor time and myopia in schoolchildren in the Sunflower Myopia AEEC Consortium","volume":"100","author":"Lanca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104889","article-title":"ENLIGHT: A consensus checklist for reporting laboratory-based studies on the non-visual effects of light in humans","volume":"98","author":"Spitschan","year":"2023","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319568","article-title":"Progression of myopia in teenagers and adults: a nationwide longitudinal study of a prevalent cohort","volume":"107","author":"Ducloux","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.04.032","article-title":"The risks and benefits of myopia control","volume":"128","author":"Bullimore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.3451","article-title":"Association of age at myopia onset with risk of high myopia in adulthood in a 12-year follow-up of a Chinese cohort","volume":"138","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000489","article-title":"China turns to school reform to control the myopia epidemic: a narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Morgan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)"},{"key":"bib8","first-page":"2016","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume-title":"Ophthalmology","author":"Holden"},{"key":"bib46","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.2 (updated February 2021). Cochrane, 2021","author":"Higgins","year":"2021"},{"key":"bib78","first-page":"32","article-title":"Influence of near-work and outdoor activities on myopia progression in school children. [in Chinese]","volume-title":"Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics","author":"Yi","year":"2011"},{"key":"bib91","first-page":"545","article-title":"Time spent outdoors as an intervention for myopia prevention and control in children: an overview of systematic reviews","volume-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt","author":"Dhakal","year":"2022"},{"key":"bib101","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Myopia Prevention: Here Comes the Sun","volume-title":"Ophthalmology","author":"Zadnik"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science & Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2800706","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T17:15:34Z","timestamp":1732641334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2800706"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.13.8.31","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]}}}