{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:34:27Z","timestamp":1785526467643,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.14.6.30","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T13:30:35Z","timestamp":1750771835000},"page":"30","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Optic Cup and Disc Segmentation of Fundus Images Using Artificial Intelligence Externally Validated With Optical Coherence Tomography Measurements"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Scott","family":"Kinder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"McNamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Bearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA"},{"name":"Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Upasana","family":"Thakuria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoga Advaith","family":"Veturi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galia","family":"Deitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talisa E.","family":"de Carlo Forest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naresh","family":"Mandava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malik Y.","family":"Kahook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveer","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayashree","family":"Kalpathy-Cramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.21899","article-title":"Glaucoma in adults\u2014screening, diagnosis, and management: a review","volume":"325","author":"Stein","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013","article-title":"Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"121","author":"Tham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib3","first-page":"611","article-title":"Strategies for improving early detection of glaucoma: the combined structure\u2013function index","volume":"8","author":"Tatham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.293","article-title":"Screening for primary open-angle glaucoma in the primary care setting: an update for the US preventive services task force","volume":"3","author":"Fleming","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1979.01020020117005","article-title":"Multivariate analysis of the risk of glaucomatous visual field loss","volume":"97","author":"Hart","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1981.03930011019007","article-title":"Multivariate analysis in glaucoma: use of discriminant analysis in predicting glaucomatous visual field damage","volume":"99","author":"Drance","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib7","first-page":"89","article-title":"Incidence of open-angle glaucoma: the Barbados Eye Studies","volume":"119","author":"Leske","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.6.714","article-title":"The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: baseline factors that predict the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"120","author":"Gordon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0077","article-title":"Risk factors associated with the incidence of open-angle glaucoma: the visual impairment project","volume":"44","author":"Le","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2003.028548","article-title":"The effect of optic disc diameter on vertical cup to disc ratio percentiles in a population based cohort: the Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"88","author":"Crowston","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ijg.0000151683.04410.f3","article-title":"A long-term prospective study of risk factors for glaucomatous visual field loss in patients with ocular hypertension","volume":"14","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8533","article-title":"Planimetrically determined vertical cup\/disc and rim width\/disc diameter ratios and related factors","volume":"53","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(92)31990-6","article-title":"Expert agreement in evaluating the optic disc for glaucoma","volume":"99","author":"Varma","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.11.1579","article-title":"The ISNT rule and differentiation of normal from glaucomatous eyes","volume":"124","author":"Harizman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib15","first-page":"181","article-title":"The disc damage likelihood scale: reproducibility of a new method of estimating the amount of optic nerve damage caused by glaucoma","volume":"100","author":"Spaeth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7099","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43385-2","article-title":"Rim-to-disc ratio outperforms cup-to-disc ratio for glaucoma prescreening","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12734","article-title":"The role of the disc damage likelihood scale in glaucoma detection by community optometrists","volume":"40","author":"Formichella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2008.0013","article-title":"A comparative cost analysis of digital fundus imaging and direct fundus examination for assessment of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"14","author":"Gomez-Ulla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Telemed J E Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.143949","article-title":"Fundus imaging with a mobile phone: a review of techniques","volume":"62","author":"Shanmugam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-6-33","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography: an assessment of current training across all levels of seniority in 8 ophthalmic units in the United Kingdom","volume":"6","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2022.08.005","article-title":"Automatic detection of glaucoma via fundus imaging and artificial intelligence: a review","volume":"68","author":"Coan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5953621","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5953621","article-title":"Automatic CDR estimation for early glaucoma diagnosis","volume":"2017","author":"Fernandez-Granero","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Healthc Eng"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8527","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2890544","article-title":"Automatic determination of vertical cup-to-disc ratio in retinal fundus images for glaucoma screening","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16455","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-14183-2","article-title":"CDRNet: accurate cup-to-disc ratio measurement with tight bounding box supervision in fundus photography using deep learning","volume":"82","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V48N9p282","article-title":"Reliability of graders and comparison with an automated algorithm for vertical cup-disc ratio grading in fundus photographs","volume":"48","author":"Romero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2022.100244","article-title":"RimNet: a deep neural network pipeline for automated identification of the optic disc rim","volume":"3","author":"Rasheed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.21924\/cst.4.2.2019.125","article-title":"Optic cup segmentation using adaptive threshold and morphological image processing","volume":"4","author":"Nugroho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2015.09.003","article-title":"Segmentation of optic disk and optic cup from digital fundus images for the assessment of glaucoma","volume":"24","author":"Mittapalli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Process Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27783-1","article-title":"Assessing the external validity of machine learning-based detection of glaucoma","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000002015","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of artificial intelligence in glaucoma screening and clinical practice","volume":"31","author":"Chaurasia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01388-1","article-title":"PAPILA: dataset with fundus images and clinical data of both eyes of the same patient for glaucoma assessment","volume":"9","author":"Kovalyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-01943-4","article-title":"Ch\u00e1k?u: a glaucoma specific fundus image database","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2019.101570","article-title":"REFUGE challenge: a unified framework for evaluating automated methods for glaucoma assessment from fundus photographs","volume":"59","author":"Orlando","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.5566\/ias.2346","article-title":"RIM-ONE DL: a unified retinal image database for assessing glaucoma using deep learning","volume":"39","author":"Batista","year":"2020","journal-title":"Image Anal Stereol"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2004.828354","article-title":"Simultaneous Truth and Performance Level Estimation (STAPLE): an algorithm for the validation of image segmentation","volume":"23","author":"Warfield","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2174\/1874364101812010053","article-title":"Relative proportion of different types of refractive errors in subjects seeking laser vision correction","volume":"12","author":"Althomali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Ophthalmol J"},{"key":"bib43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Yolov8: a novel object detection algorithm with enhanced performance and robustness.","author":"Varghese","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Conference on Advances in Data Engineering and Intelligent Computing Systems (ADICS)"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1109\/TLA.2023.10068842","article-title":"Modified YOLO module for efficient object tracking in a video","volume":"21","author":"Kshirsagar","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Latin Am Trans"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6441","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176441","article-title":"A new approach for detecting fundus lesions using image processing and deep neural network architecture based on YOLO model","volume":"22","author":"Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"bib47","first-page":"1280","article-title":"Masked-attention mask transformer for universal image segmentation","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)"},{"key":"bib48","first-page":"9992","article-title":"Swin Transformer: hierarchical vision transformer using shifted windows","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s42600-023-00311-w","article-title":"Inter-dataset performance analysis of generative adversarial networks for optic disc segmentation using digital fundus images","volume":"39","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res Biomed Eng"},{"key":"bib50","first-page":"1056","article-title":"Semi-supervised learning with Noisy Students improves domain generalization in optic disc and cup segmentation in uncropped fundus images","volume":"250","author":"Morris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139181","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1139181","article-title":"EARDS: EfficientNet and attention-based residual depth-wise separable convolution for joint OD and OC segmentation","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4668","DOI":"10.3390\/s23104668","article-title":"Identifying the edges of the optic cup and the optic disc in glaucoma patients by segmentation","volume":"23","author":"Tadisetty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2022.3225205","article-title":"FCSN: global context aware segmentation by learning the Fourier coefficients of objects in medical images","volume":"28","author":"Jeon","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3928\/15428877-20110224-02","article-title":"Repeatability of optic nerve head parameters measured by spectral-domain OCT in healthy eyes","volume":"42","author":"Savini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"OCT413","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18738","article-title":"Optic nerve head measurements with optical coherence tomography: a phantom-based study reveals differences among clinical devices","volume":"57","author":"Agrawal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.12.008","article-title":"Comparison of automated analysis of Cirrus HD OCT spectral-domain optical coherence tomography with stereo photographs of the optic disc","volume":"118","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib22","first-page":"489","volume-title":"Optic Disc and Cup Segmentation for Glaucoma Characterization Using Deep Learning","author":"Kim","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/DSAA54385.2022.10032439","article-title":"Cross-dataset evaluation of multimodal neural networks for glaucoma diagnosis","volume-title":"2022 IEEE 9th International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA)","author":"Das","year":"2022"},{"key":"bib34","first-page":"55","article-title":"Retinal fundus images for glaucoma analysis: the RIGA dataset","volume-title":"Proceedings of SPIE 10579: Medical Imaging 2018: Imaging Informatics for Healthcare, Research, and Application","author":"Almazroa","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib36","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Drishti-GS: Retinal Image Dataset for Optic Nerve Head (ONH) Segmentation","author":"Sivaswamy","year":"2014"},{"key":"bib37","first-page":"1","volume-title":"G1020: A Benchmark Retinal Fundus Image Dataset for Computer-Aided Glaucoma Detection","author":"Bajwa","year":"2020"},{"key":"bib38","first-page":"3065","volume-title":"ORIGA-light: An Online Retinal Fundus Image Database for Glaucoma Analysis and Research","author":"Zhang","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib44","first-page":"317","article-title":"Tourism object detection around Monumen Nasional (Monas) using YOLO and RetinaNet","volume-title":"2020 International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information Systems (ICACSIS)","author":"Nugraha","year":"2020"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2019.8804267","article-title":"Optic disc segmentation using cascaded multiresolution convolutional neural networks","volume-title":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)","author":"Mohan","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib53","article-title":"Ddnet: cartesian-polar dual-domain network for the joint optic disc and cup segmentation","author":"Liu","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2803170","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T13:30:39Z","timestamp":1750771839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2803170"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.14.6.30","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]}}}