{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:54:56Z","timestamp":1789566896284,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.14.8.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T12:30:40Z","timestamp":1754051440000},"page":"2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Electroconductivity of Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool for Dry Eye Disease: A Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yung-Kang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Hsiung","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Chi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Data Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ko-Ming","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan-Ni","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jen-Tsung","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Lun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12888","article-title":"The global prevalence of dry eye disease: a Bayesian view","volume":"41","author":"Papas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.001","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II diagnostic methodology report","volume":"15","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"suppl 1)","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000643","article-title":"A new perspective on dry eye classification: proposal by the Asia Dry Eye Society","volume":"46","author":"Tsubota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00788156","article-title":"Movement of the blood and changes in its electrical conductivity","volume":"47","author":"Moskalenko","year":"1959","journal-title":"Bull Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1983.325098","article-title":"A practical analysis of the electrical conductivity of blood","volume":"30","author":"Trautman","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s40135-022-00295-3","article-title":"Ocular surface ion transport and dry eye disease","volume":"10","author":"Lindgren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Ophthalmol Rep"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.5.30","article-title":"The role of aquaporin 4 in lacrimal gland ductal fluid secretion in mice","volume":"65","author":"Elekes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00788156","article-title":"Movement of the blood and changes in its electrical conductivity","volume":"47","author":"Moskalenko","year":"1959","journal-title":"Bull Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.ndt.a092270","article-title":"Non-invasive conductivity method for detection of dynamic body fluid changes: in vitro and in vivo validation","volume":"8","author":"Olthof","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5756382","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5756382","article-title":"Dielectric constant and conductivity of blood plasma: possible novel biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"2020","author":"Dalle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11060577","article-title":"A portable biodevice to monitor salivary conductivity for the rapid assessment of fluid status","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13692","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241813692","article-title":"The germinal origin of salivary and lacrimal glands and the contributions of neural crest cell-derived epithelium to tissue regeneration","volume":"24","author":"Ono-Minagi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.02.001","article-title":"Basal tear osmolarity as a metric to estimate body hydration and dry eye severity","volume":"64","author":"Willshire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2000.049","article-title":"Biochemical composition and electrolyte balance of \u201cunstimulated\u201d whole human saliva","volume":"38","author":"Rehak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.04.121","article-title":"Is osmolarity enough? The analysis of tear electrolytes","volume":"41","author":"Mahomed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110637","article-title":"Evaluation of glycated albumin levels in tears and saliva as a marker in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"199","author":"Aihara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.136","article-title":"Evaluation and review of body fluids saliva, sweat and tear compared to biochemical hydration assessment markers within blood and urine","volume":"72","author":"Villiger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-014-0006-y","article-title":"Practical issues concerning tear protein assays in dry eye","volume":"1","author":"D'Souza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye Vis (Lond)"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-199403410-00005","article-title":"Human tear film electrolyte concentrations in health and dry-eye disease","volume":"34","author":"Gilbard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2010.7","article-title":"Tear proteomics in evaporative dry eye disease","volume":"24","author":"Versura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.04.003","article-title":"Changes in the tear film and ocular surface from dry eye syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2024.03.004","article-title":"Tear cytokine levels are reduced in patients treated with intravitreal injections","volume":"32","author":"Malmin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000173","article-title":"Association of dry eye and inflammatory systemic diseases in a tertiary care-based sample","volume":"33","author":"Henrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.03.030","article-title":"Systemic conditions associated with severity of dry eye signs and symptoms in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management Study","volume":"128","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.070388","article-title":"Autoimmune dacryoadenitis of NOD\/LtJ mice and its subsequent effects on tear protein composition","volume":"171","author":"Doyle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000044","article-title":"Effect of religious fasting on tear osmolarity and ocular surface","volume":"40","author":"Koktekir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13070702","article-title":"A novel salivary sensor with integrated au electrodes and conductivity meters for screening of diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosensors (Basel)"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181c2964c","article-title":"Comparison between normal values of 2- and 5-minute Schirmer test without anesthesia","volume":"29","author":"Karampatakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.05.022","article-title":"Classification of fluorescein breakup patterns: a novel method of differential diagnosis for dry eye","volume":"180","author":"Yokoi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2024.1482","article-title":"Re-esterified triglyceride omega-3 fatty acids in dry eye disease with Meibomian gland dysfunction: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"142","author":"Eom","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14771","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51463-8","article-title":"A portable system to monitor saliva conductivity for dehydration diagnosis and kidney healthcare","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49957-7","article-title":"An observational study on salivary conductivity for fluid status assessment and clinical relevance in acute ischemic stroke during intravenous fluid hydration","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12030178","article-title":"Application of a novel biosensor for salivary conductivity in detecting chronic kidney disease","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosensors (Basel)"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2022.100266","article-title":"Characteristics of design and analysis of ophthalmic randomized controlled trials: a review of ophthalmic papers 2020\u20132021","volume":"3","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2020.1786590","article-title":"Tutorial on biostatistics: longitudinal analysis of correlated continuous eye data","volume":"28","author":"Ying","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.84.s2.04","article-title":"Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests (from the \u201cBiostatistics and Epidemiology Lecture Series, Part 1\u201d)","volume":"84","author":"Nowacki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100270","article-title":"Age associations with dry eye clinical signs and symptoms in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) study","volume":"3","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.01.019","article-title":"Machine learning approach for intraocular disease prediction based on aqueous humor immune mediator profiles","volume":"128","author":"Nezu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2929","article-title":"Evaluating the added predictive ability of a new marker: from area under the ROC curve to reclassification and beyond","volume":"27","author":"Pencina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002864","article-title":"Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation","volume":"126","author":"Schober","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"DES64","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23746","article-title":"Short tear film breakup time-type dry eye","volume":"59","author":"Tsubota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.11.009","article-title":"Sex and age differences in symptoms and signs of dry eye disease in a Norwegian cohort of patients","volume":"19","author":"Tellefsen Noland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S407805","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye disease among individuals scheduled for cataract surgery in a Norwegian cataract clinic","volume":"17","author":"Graae Jensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1293\/tox.2014-0039","article-title":"Comparison of changes in urinary and blood levels of biomarkers associated with proximal tubular injury in rat models","volume":"28","author":"Kuwata","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3182532047","article-title":"Evaluation of tear osmolarity in non-Sjogren and Sjogren syndrome dry eye patients with the TearLab system","volume":"31","author":"Szalai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.02.037","article-title":"Comparison of two questionnaires for dry eye symptom assessment: the Ocular Surface Disease Index and the Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye","volume":"122","author":"Amparo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787193","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.787193","article-title":"Proteomics analysis of tears and saliva from Sjogren's syndrome patients","volume":"12","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"bib50","first-page":"2511","article-title":"The diagnostic power of salivary electrolytes for Sjogren's disease: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"van Santen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6622","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10175","article-title":"Is whole-body hydration an important consideration in dry eye?","volume":"53","author":"Walsh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0276945","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276945","article-title":"Variability of autonomic nerve activity in dry eye with decreased tear stability","volume":"17","author":"Kaido","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R940","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00016.2019","article-title":"Relationship between impaired parasympathetic vasodilation and hyposalivation in parotid glands associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"318","author":"Sato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102834","article-title":"Decreased salivary lactoferrin levels are specific to Alzheimer's disease","volume":"57","author":"Gonzalez-Sanchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42484-5","article-title":"Rapid detection of tear lactoferrin for diagnosis of dry eyes by using fluorescence polarization-based aptasensor","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"010702","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2018.010702","article-title":"Fasting conditions: influence of water intake on clinical chemistry analytes","volume":"28","author":"Benozzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem Med (Zagreb)"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2008.01587.x","article-title":"Blood volume is normal after pre-operative overnight fasting","volume":"52","author":"Jacob","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182114df4","article-title":"Hydration status after overnight fasting as measured by urine osmolality does not alter the magnitude of hypotension during general anesthesia in low risk patients","volume":"112","author":"Osugi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.47391\/JPMA.3517","article-title":"The effect of Ramadan fasting on serum osmolality in diabetic patients","volume":"73","author":"Keskinler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-9035-6_142","article-title":"The electrical conductivity of human cerebrospinal fluid in vivo","volume-title":"World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 2018","author":"Latikka","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-84858-7","volume-title":"The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction","author":"Hastie","year":"2009","edition":"2nd ed."}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2810616","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T12:30:42Z","timestamp":1754051442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2810616"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.14.8.2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}}}