{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:55:51Z","timestamp":1792158951758,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.15.10.24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:30:39Z","timestamp":1792157439000},"page":"24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multimodal Retinal Imaging Correlates With Brain Atrophy and Plasma Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaoqian","family":"Luan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianing","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huihua","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunwen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suqing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caiyun","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoquan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Robert","family":"Kwpaong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70745","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70745","article-title":"Retinal microvascular alterations in Alzheimer's disease: linking blood plasma biomarkers and cerebral small vessel pathology","volume":"21","author":"Kwapong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5143","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13859","article-title":"Revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer's disease: Alzheimer's Association Workgroup","volume":"20","author":"Jack","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2019.02.001","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities in vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID): knowledge gaps and opportunities","volume":"5","author":"Alber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (N Y)"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","article-title":"NIA-AA Research Framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Jack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-024-00731-y","article-title":"Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease using plasma biomarkers adjusted to clinical probability","volume":"4","author":"Therriault","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105046","article-title":"Comparison of two plasma p-tau217 assays to detect and monitor Alzheimer's pathology","volume":"102","author":"Therriault","year":"2024","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00361-6","article-title":"Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: towards clinical implementation","volume":"21","author":"Teunissen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2005.00395.x","article-title":"Retinal vascular image analysis as a potential screening tool for cerebrovascular disease: a rationale based on homology between cerebral and retinal microvasculatures","volume":"206","author":"Patton","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.227","article-title":"The retina as a window to the brain-from eye research to CNS disorders","volume":"9","author":"London","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759091414562107","DOI":"10.1177\/1759091414562107","article-title":"Connecting the retina to the brain","volume":"6","author":"Erskine","year":"2014","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93621","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.93621","article-title":"Retinal amyloid pathology and proof-of-concept imaging trial in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"2","author":"Koronyo","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-023-02548-2","article-title":"Retinal pathological features and proteome signatures of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"145","author":"Koronyo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2024.101273","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology in the retina","volume":"101","author":"Gaire","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-023-00640-5","article-title":"Pathophysiology and probable etiology of cerebral small vessel disease in vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"18","author":"Inoue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.07.222","article-title":"Vascular dysfunction\u2014the disregarded partner of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"15","author":"Sweeney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0234-x","article-title":"The role of brain vasculature in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"21","author":"Sweeney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4185","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13871","article-title":"Choriocapillaris reduction accurately discriminates against early-onset Alzheimer's disease","volume":"20","author":"Kwapong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325347","article-title":"Retinal imaging in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"92","author":"Cheung","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12006","article-title":"Developing retinal biomarkers for the earliest stages of Alzheimer's disease: what we know, what we don't, and how to move forward","volume":"16","author":"Alber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13872877261470439","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261470439","article-title":"Retinal structural and microvascular alterations as biomarkers of cerebral pathology and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease: an OCT\/OCTA study","volume":"113","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71216","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.71216","article-title":"Retinal microvascular dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment: associations with cerebral small vessel disease, plasma biomarkers, and cognitive decline","volume":"22","author":"Kwapong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71000","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.71000","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 homozygosity exacerbates retinal and cerebral microvascular dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: a mediation analysis of vascular contributions to cognitive decline","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-026-01959-z","article-title":"Interactive effect of retinal microvascular impairment and larger lesion diameter on cognitive impairment in lacunar infarction","volume":"18","author":"Kwapong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119474","article-title":"SynthStrip: skull-stripping for any brain image","volume":"260","author":"Hoopes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.05.017","article-title":"A large-scale comparison of cortical thickness and volume methods for measuring Alzheimer's disease severity","volume":"11","author":"Schwarz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6045","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14158","article-title":"Association of cortical morphology, white matter hyperintensity, and glymphatic function in frontotemporal dementia variants","volume":"20","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e033081","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.033081","article-title":"Retinal ischemic perivascular lesion reflects cerebral small vessel disease burden in single subcortical infarction","volume":"13","author":"Kwapong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-025-01945-x","article-title":"Retinal microvascular alterations reflect cerebral small vessel disease burden in frontotemporal dementia: a multimodal OCTA-MRI study","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787775","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.787775","article-title":"Macular microvasculature is associated with total cerebral small vessel disease burden in recent single subcortical infarction","volume":"13","author":"Kwapong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4093","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14298","article-title":"Retinal microvascular and structural changes in intracranial hypertension patients correlate with intracranial pressure","volume":"29","author":"Kwapong","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e039369","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.039369","article-title":"Choroidal vascular volume, white matter hyperintensity, and their interaction with cognitive function in aging adults","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70891","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.70891","article-title":"Retinal microvascular dysfunction reflects vascular and Alzheimer's-related pathology in dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"32","author":"Tong","year":"2026","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-022-02724-0","article-title":"Wide-field swept-source OCTA in the assessment of retinal microvasculature in early-stage diabetic retinopathy","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34823","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034823","article-title":"The OSCAR-IB consensus criteria for retinal OCT quality assessment","volume":"7","author":"Tewarie","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012125","article-title":"APOSTEL 2.0 recommendations for reporting quantitative optical coherence tomography studies","volume":"97","author":"Aytulun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200169","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200169","article-title":"The OSCAR-MP consensus criteria for quality assessment of retinal optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"10","author":"Wicklein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12179","article-title":"Retinal imaging in Alzheimer's and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"17","author":"Snyder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.10.010","article-title":"Retinal neurodegeneration on optical coherence tomography and cerebral atrophy","volume":"584","author":"Ong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.003","article-title":"Retinal neurodegeneration and brain MRI markers: the Rotterdam Study","volume":"60","author":"Mutlu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1563","article-title":"Association of retinal neurodegeneration on optical coherence tomography with dementia: a population-based study","volume":"75","author":"Mutlu","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100878","article-title":"Plexus-specific retinal vascular anatomy and pathologies as seen by projection-resolved optical coherence tomographic angiography","volume":"80","author":"Hormel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002923","article-title":"A\/T\/N: an unbiased descriptive classification scheme for Alzheimer disease biomarkers","volume":"87","author":"Jack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71199","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.71199","article-title":"Plasma p-tau217 predicts PET-based pathological staging for precision Alzheimer disease assessment","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14536","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14536","article-title":"Plasma p-tau217 and p-tau217\/Abeta1-42 are effective biomarkers for identifying CSF- and PET imaging-diagnosed Alzheimer's disease: Insights for research and clinical practice","volume":"21","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-27028","article-title":"Comparison of retinal microvasculature in patients with Alzheimer's disease and primary open-angle glaucoma by optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"60","author":"Zabel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-026-04206-y","article-title":"Predicting onset of symptomatic Alzheimer's disease with plasma p-tau217 clocks","volume":"32","author":"Petersen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30412-9","article-title":"APOE and Alzheimer's disease: advances in genetics, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches","volume":"20","author":"Serrano-Pozo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70291","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70291","article-title":"A brief history of Abeta imaging","volume":"21","author":"Cohen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15353508251393056","DOI":"10.1177\/15353508251393056","article-title":"Advancements in imaging technologies and AI integration for neurodegenerative disease management: a narrative review","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"52","key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76265","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.76265","article-title":"Eye-brain neuroimmune axis enables long-term survival in glioblastoma by modulating brain immune surveillance and neuronal excitability","volume":"13","author":"Cui","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science & Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.10.24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:30:40Z","timestamp":1792157440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.10.24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.15.10.24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]}}}