{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T12:48:00Z","timestamp":1792414080369,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.15.10.28","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T12:30:49Z","timestamp":1792413049000},"page":"28","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Translational Reference for Green Autofluorescence Imaging in the Rhesus Macaque Eye Using the OcuMet Beacon"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Ripolles-Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaegook","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J'adore C.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin W.","family":"Handel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meher J.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey R.","family":"Sutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily K.","family":"Dougherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Nguyen Jaggers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmine N.","family":"Valjalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosie","family":"Thienpaitoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaly A.","family":"Muniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Giorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol Iveth","family":"Villafuerte-Trisolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stoke Therapeutics Inc, Bedford, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadeen","family":"Habbas-Nimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OcuSciences Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Collin A.","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OcuSciences Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Riegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OcuSciences Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ala","family":"Moshiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian C.","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenn","family":"Yiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara M.","family":"Thomasy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA"},{"name":"National Biomedical Research Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.2.231","article-title":"Histochemical localisation of mitochondrial enzyme activity in human optic nerve and retina","volume":"83","author":"Andrews","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib2","first-page":"31","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in the aging retina","volume":"8","author":"Eells","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2014.971446","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species, heat stress and oxidative-induced mitochondrial damage. A review","volume":"30","author":"Slimen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Hyperthermia"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6329","DOI":"10.1021\/jo0703092","article-title":"The diverse roles of flavin coenzymes\u2014nature's most versatile thespians","volume":"72","author":"Mansoorabadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Org Chem"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.06.023","article-title":"Retinal flavoprotein fluorescence correlates with mitochondrial stress, apoptosis, and chemokine expression","volume":"93","author":"Field","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib6","first-page":"215","article-title":"Retinal flavoprotein autofluorescence as a measure of retinal health","volume":"106","author":"Elner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110501","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2023.1110501","article-title":"Flavoprotein fluorescence elevation is a marker of mitochondrial oxidative stress in patients with retinal disease","volume":"3","author":"Ahsanuddin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20221214-03","article-title":"Functional imaging of mitochondria in age-related macular degeneration using flavoprotein fluorescence","volume":"54","author":"Muste","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib9","first-page":"421","article-title":"Endogenous flavoprotein fluorescence imaging revealed increased optic disc metabolic stress in optic neuropathies","volume":"65","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogla.2021.12.006","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in primary open-angle glaucoma characterized by flavoprotein fluorescence at the optic nerve head","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Glaucoma"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8186","article-title":"Effect of treatment on the rate of visual field change in the ocular hypertension treatment study observation group","volume":"53","author":"De Moraes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15010028","article-title":"From cellular to metabolic: advances in imaging of inherited retinal diseases","volume":"15","author":"Parameswarappa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.6.7","article-title":"Advanced retinal imaging and ocular parameters of the rhesus macaque eye","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.06.005","article-title":"Burgoyne CF. The non-human primate experimental glaucoma model","volume":"141","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2022.101801","article-title":"Protocol for laser-induced chronic ocular hypertension and intracameral injection in nonhuman primates","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"STAR Protocols"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(01)00443-5","article-title":"Experimental glaucoma in the primate induced by latex microspheres","volume":"111","author":"Weber","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5658","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49922-6","article-title":"Genetic diversity of 1,845 rhesus macaques improves genetic variation interpretation and identifies disease models","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108754","article-title":"Age-related changes in the rhesus macaque eye","volume":"212","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5134","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14303","article-title":"Age-associated changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer and optic nerve head","volume":"55","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.11.12","article-title":"Flavoprotein fluorescence imaging in stargardt disease: linking metabolic stress to structural damage","volume":"66","author":"Merle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"15","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.15.62","article-title":"Retinal neurovascular and mitochondrial function signatures in response to a 24-week yoga intervention in healthy adults","volume":"66","author":"Gameiro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.04.012","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer optical texture analysis: involvement of the papillomacular bundle and papillofoveal bundle in early glaucoma","volume":"129","author":"Leung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"16","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2509165123","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2509165123","article-title":"Rhesus macaques with an OPA1 mutation demonstrate features of autosomal dominant optic atrophy","volume":"123","author":"Jaggers","year":"2026","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"bib26","first-page":"785","article-title":"Intraocular pressure of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). I. An initial survey of two free-breeding colonies","volume":"18","author":"Bito","year":"1979","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030705","article-title":"From rust to quantum biology: the role of iron in retina physiopathology","volume":"9","author":"Picard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1998.tb02716.x","article-title":"Oxidative stress and advancing age: results in healthy centenarians","volume":"46","author":"Paolisso","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0317354","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317354","article-title":"In vivo imaging of mitochondrial function in normal, glaucoma suspect, and glaucoma eyes","volume":"20","author":"Caro","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"bib30","article-title":"Female sex hormones exacerbate retinal neurodegeneration","author":"Rowe","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3280107776","article-title":"Iron levels in human retina: sex difference and increase with age","volume":"17","author":"Hahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5733","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-15-05733.2000","article-title":"Genetic inactivation of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel (Kir4.1 subunit) in mice: phenotypic impact in retina","volume":"20","author":"Kofuji","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199903)26:1<47::AID-GLIA5>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Immunogold evidence suggests that coupling of K+ siphoning and water transport in rat retinal M\u00fcller cells is mediated by a coenrichment of Kir4.1 and AQP4 in specific membrane domains","volume":"26","author":"Nagelhus","year":"1999","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ENEURO","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0509-23.2024","article-title":"Increased retinal metabolism induced by flicker in the isolated mouse retina","volume":"11","author":"Linsenmeier","year":"2024","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.3.20","article-title":"The impact of photopigment bleaching on the human rod photoreceptor subretinal space measured via optical coherence tomography","volume":"65","author":"Messner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"24","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadq7332","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adq7332","article-title":"Insight into human photoreceptor function: Modeling optoretinographic responses to diverse stimuli","volume":"11","author":"Valente","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4632","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22171","article-title":"Photoreceptor layer thickness changes during dark adaptation observed with ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography","volume":"58","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06562-4","article-title":"Intrinsic signal optoretinography of dark adaptation kinetics","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pgac208","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac208","article-title":"Fast and slow light-induced changes in murine outer retina optical coherence tomography: complementary high spatial resolution functional biomarkers","volume":"1","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2025.2527755","article-title":"Characterizing retinal mitochondrial function and its relations to intraretinal thicknesses in healthy adults","volume":"50","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000980","article-title":"Noninvasive detection of mitochondrial dysfunction in ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"27","author":"Geyman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.001","article-title":"Retinal oxidative stress induced by high intraocular pressure","volume":"37","author":"Moreno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3928\/15428877-20120712-02","article-title":"Noninvasive imaging of mitochondrial dysfunction in dry age-related macular degeneration","volume":"43","author":"Field","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3567306","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3567306","article-title":"Flavoprotein fluorescence correlation with visual acuity response in patients receiving anti-vegf injection for diabetic macular edema","volume":"2018","author":"Andrade Romo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.06.072","article-title":"Mitochondrial complex I function modulates volatile anesthetic sensitivity in C. elegans","volume":"16","author":"Falk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-022-02338-9","article-title":"Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by general anesthetic drugs","volume":"396","author":"Fedorov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib48","first-page":"6100","article-title":"Quantitative detection of flavoproteins for fluorescence imaging of oxygen metabolism in the retina","volume":"60","author":"Noorbakhsh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.06.005","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy","volume":"60","author":"Dysli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-018-0026-5","article-title":"Fit-free analysis of fluorescence lifetime imaging data using the phasor approach","volume":"13","author":"Ranjit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"bib24","volume-title":"Ggplot2 - Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"bib25","article-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","volume-title":"R Foundation for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"bib41","first-page":"3491","article-title":"Functional imaging of mitochondria using flavoprotein fluorescence and its correlation with intraocular pressure in treated glaucoma patients","volume-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci","author":"Kim","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science & Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.10.28","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T12:30:51Z","timestamp":1792413051000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.10.28"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.15.10.28","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]}}}