{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T11:40:13Z","timestamp":1784634013169,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.15.2.13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T13:30:49Z","timestamp":1770643849000},"page":"13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Myopia Prescription Based on Smartphone App: A Feasibility Study in Africa"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gang","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biruk","family":"Tekle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MCM Eye Unit, MyungSung Christian Medical Center (MCM) General Hospital and MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shrinivas","family":"Pundlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Yuan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Abashawl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berhan Public Health and Eye Care Consultancy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Kempen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"MCM Eye Unit, MyungSung Christian Medical Center (MCM) General Hospital and MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"},{"name":"Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Sight for Souls, Bellevue, WA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Addis Ababa University School of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.4.615","article-title":"VISION 2020: The Right to Sight: a global initiative to eliminate avoidable blindness","volume":"122","author":"Pizzarello","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30393-5","article-title":"Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990\u20132020: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Flaxman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03106-0","article-title":"Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by uncorrected refractive error: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020","volume":"38","author":"Little","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2017.08.009","article-title":"Global and regional estimates of prevalence of refractive errors: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Hashemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Curr Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.12.1731","article-title":"Global vision impairment due to uncorrected presbyopia","volume":"126","author":"Holden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30489-7","article-title":"Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"9","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e130","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30425-3","article-title":"Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"9","author":"Bourne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2025.2474654","article-title":"Prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2020: magnitude and temporal trends. Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study, the GBD Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-315217","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of vision loss in sub-saharan Africa in 2015: magnitude, temporal trends and projections.","volume":"104","author":"Naidoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"8","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0272451","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272451","article-title":"Accuracy of a low-cost, portable, refractive error estimation device: Results of a diagnostic accuracy trial","volume":"17","author":"Joseph","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001427","article-title":"Validation of an affordable handheld wavefront autorefractor","volume":"96","author":"Rubio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0284790","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284790","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive error among Dongarias and use of Folding Phoropter (FoFo) as a field device enabling implementation research in this indigenous community. Tribal Odisha Eye Disease Study (TOES) Report # 13","volume":"18","author":"Padhy","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0192055","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192055","article-title":"Comparison of self-refraction using a simple device, USee, with manifest refraction in adults","volume":"13","author":"Annadanam","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.13003","article-title":"Comparing the Netra smartphone refractor to subjective refraction","volume":"103","author":"Tousignant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.181","article-title":"Comparison between focometer and autorefractor in the measurement of refractive error among students in underserved community of sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"30","author":"Aina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.11.006","article-title":"de Alba Campomanes AG. Positive predictive value and screening performance of GoCheck Kids in a primary care university clinic","volume":"24","author":"Law","year":"2020","journal-title":"J  AAPOS"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.106083","article-title":"Refractive error detection in smartphone images via convolutional neural network","volume":"205","author":"Cheung","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576958","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2025.1576958","article-title":"Deep learning for vision screening in resource-limited settings: development of multi-branch CNN for refractive error detection based on smartphone image","volume":"7","author":"Syauqie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Comput Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16225","DOI":"10.2196\/16225","article-title":"Deep learning\u2013based prediction of refractive error using photorefraction images captured by a smartphone: model development and validation study","volume":"8","author":"Chun","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inform"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13560","article-title":"Accuracy and precision of a sphero-cylindrical over-refraction app for smartphones","volume":"45","author":"Salmeron-Campillo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Optics"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2025.100561","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of smartphone-based addition measurement in a presbyopic population","volume":"18","author":"Salmer\u00f3n-Campillo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.2.40","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of a smartphone app for refractive error measurement","volume":"11","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"212","key":"bib25","first-page":"e67506","article-title":"Subjective refraction test using a smartphone for vision screening","author":"Luo","year":"2024;","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d4767","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4767","article-title":"Self correction of refractive error among young people in rural China: results of cross sectional investigation","volume":"343","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp384","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial to evaluate ready-made spectacles in an adult population in India","volume":"39","author":"Keay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.03.051","article-title":"Visual function after correction of distance refractive error with ready-made and custom spectacles: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"119","author":"Brady","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.04.004","article-title":"A randomized, clinical trial evaluating ready-made and custom spectacles delivered via a school-based screening program in China","volume":"116","author":"Zeng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13149","article-title":"Self-refraction, ready-made glasses and quality of life among rural myopic Chinese children: a non-inferiority randomized trial","volume":"95","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42108-y","article-title":"The underestimated role of myopia in uncorrectable visual impairment in the United States","volume":"13","author":"Bullimore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001998","article-title":"Epidemiology and burden of astigmatism: a systematic literature review","volume":"100","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2018.1500615","article-title":"Evaluating self-refraction and ready-made spectacles for treatment of uncorrected refractive error","volume":"25","author":"Camp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.11.1283","article-title":"Correction of refractive error in the Victorian population: the feasibility of \u201coff the shelf\u201d spectacles","volume":"85","author":"Maini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0129","article-title":"Correction of refractive error in the adult population of Bangladesh: meeting the unmet need","volume":"45","author":"Bourne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12126","article-title":"Clinical outcomes following the dispensing of ready-made and recycled spectacles: a systematic literature review","volume":"97","author":"Pearce","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2023.100494","article-title":"Measuring visual acuity and spherical refraction with smartphone screens emitting blue light","volume":"17","author":"Salmer\u00f3n-Campillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib39","first-page":"2325","article-title":"The repeatability of measurement of the ocular components","volume":"33","author":"Zadnik","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199808000-00028","article-title":"The repeatability of automated and clinician refraction","volume":"75","author":"Bullimore","year":"1998","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2006.00695.x","article-title":"Repeatability (test-retest variability) of refractive error measurement in clinical settings","volume":"84","author":"Leinonen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1097\/j.jcrs.0000000000000343","article-title":"Repeatability and reproducibility of manifest refraction","volume":"46","author":"Taneri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics11070634","article-title":"Repeatability of subjective refraction in different age groups","volume":"11","author":"Carpena-Torres","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photonics"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e633","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13569","article-title":"Comparison of noncycloplegic and cycloplegic autorefraction in categorizing refractive error data in children","volume":"95","author":"Sankaridurg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55270","DOI":"10.2196\/55270","article-title":"Using smartphones to enhance vision screening in rural areas: pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"bib22","first-page":"772","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of spherical over-refraction measurement using a smartphone","volume-title":"Photonics","author":"Salmeron-Campillo","year":"2025"},{"key":"bib31","article-title":"International Classification of Diseases for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics, 11th edition: 9D90 Vision impairment including blindness","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.2.13","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T13:30:51Z","timestamp":1770643851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.2.13"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.15.2.13","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]}}}