{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T14:09:38Z","timestamp":1771423778368,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.15.2.21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T13:30:43Z","timestamp":1771421443000},"page":"21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["DiFFA: A Diffusion-Based Model for Synthetic Fundus Fluorescein Angiography to Enhance Detection of Diabetic Microvascular Complication"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jin","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yupeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinchen","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xindan","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingtong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kangjia","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Translational Medicine, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yige","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Translational Medicine, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13480","article-title":"Update in the epidemiology, risk factors, screening, and treatment of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00291-0","article-title":"Long-term effects of lifestyle intervention or metformin on diabetes development and microvascular complications over 15-year follow-up: the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study","volume":"3","author":"Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa025","article-title":"Microvascular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus and cardiometabolic disease","volume":"42","author":"Horton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","first-page":"18","article-title":"Retinal vascular changes\u2013predictive and prognostic factor in systemic disease","volume":"58","author":"Vicol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oftalmologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.01.039","article-title":"The eye, the kidney, and cardiovascular disease: old concepts, better tools, and new horizons","volume":"98","author":"Farrah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05988-3","article-title":"Incretins and microvascular complications of diabetes: neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy and microangiopathy","volume":"66","author":"Goldney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-023-00278-w","article-title":"Deep learning-based electrocardiographic screening for chronic kidney disease","volume":"3","author":"Holmstrom","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocad179","article-title":"Deep learning algorithms to detect diabetic kidney disease from retinal photographs in multiethnic populations with diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Betzler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e153624","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.3624","article-title":"An innocuous adverse effect of routine fundus fluorescein angiography","volume":"134","author":"Banerjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2024.104029","article-title":"Trends in application of fundus fluorescein angiography in fundus diseases during a recent ten-year period","volume":"46","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-023-06042-z","article-title":"Fundus autofluorescence abnormalities can predict fluorescein angiography abnormalities in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"261","author":"Mohabati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2019.02.004","article-title":"Adverse reactions to fluorescein angiography: a comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"64","author":"Kornblau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2022.02.11","article-title":"Comparison of fundus fluorescein angiography and fundus photography grading criteria for early diabetic retinopathy","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.336.13405","article-title":"Fundus fluorescence angiography in diagnosing diabetic retinopathy","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00304","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.304","article-title":"Screening for diabetic retinopathy with fluorescein angiography in patients with type 1 diabetes from adolescence to adult life. A retrospective study of the past 30 years of clinical practice in a tertiary Belgian centre","volume":"5","author":"Conti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15507","article-title":"The number of nephroprotection targets attained is associated with cardiorenal outcomes and mortality in patients with diabetic kidney disease. The CKD-REIN cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Bonnet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067584","article-title":"Estimated lifetime cardiovascular, kidney, and mortality benefits of combination treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and nonsteroidal MRA compared with conventional care in patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuria","volume":"149","author":"Neuen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2016.1193618","article-title":"Ten emerging trends in the epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"23","author":"Sabanayagam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-025-01109-y","article-title":"A systematic review of advances in ai-assisted analysis of fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) images: from detection to report generation","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.107306","article-title":"Lesion-aware generative adversarial networks for color fundus image to fundus fluorescein angiography translation","volume":"229","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2017.2759102","article-title":"End-to-end adversarial retinal image synthesis","volume":"37","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5622","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2023.3303494","article-title":"Generative perturbation network for universal adversarial attacks on brain-computer interfaces","volume":"27","author":"Jung","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-023-03030-w","article-title":"Minimal data requirement for realistic endoscopic image generation with stable diffusion","volume":"19","author":"Kaleta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105004","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/acca5c","article-title":"2D medical image synthesis using transformer-based denoising diffusion probabilistic model","volume":"68","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2023.102846","article-title":"Diffusion models in medical imaging: A comprehensive survey","volume":"88","author":"Kazerouni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761901","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/761901","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy grading by digital curvelet transform","volume":"2012","author":"Hajeb Mohammad Alipour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput Math Methods Med"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2024.108382","article-title":"Metadata information and fundus image fusion neural network for hyperuricemia classification in diabetes","volume":"256","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.13.9.26","article-title":"Generating synthesized fluorescein angiography images from color fundus images by generative adversarial networks for macular edema assessment","volume":"13","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-020-00182-7","article-title":"Different fundus imaging modalities and technical factors in AI screening for diabetic retinopathy: a review","volume":"7","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye Vis (Lond)"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.7.21","article-title":"Pix2pix conditional generative adversarial networks for Scheimpflug camera color-coded corneal tomography image generation","volume":"10","author":"Abdelmotaal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.106889","article-title":"Synthetic CT generation from CBCT using double-chain-CycleGAN","volume":"161","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-024-03191-z","article-title":"Multiple-ResNet GAN: an enhanced high-resolution image generation method for translation from fundus structure image to fluorescein angiography","volume":"63","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landig.2025.02.008","article-title":"Non-invasive biopsy diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease via deep learning applied to retinal images: a population-based study","volume":"7","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6962","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62273-0","article-title":"A noninvasive model for chronic kidney disease screening and common pathological type identification from retinal images","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e295","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30063-7","article-title":"A deep learning algorithm to detect chronic kidney disease from retinal photographs in community-based populations","volume":"2","author":"Sabanayagam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00745-6","article-title":"Deep-learning models for the detection and incidence prediction of chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes from retinal fundus images","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"key":"bib28","first-page":"1","article-title":"A comparative study of image quality assessment","volume-title":"2018 International Workshop on Advanced Image Technology (IWAIT); Chiang Mai, Thailand; January 7\u20139, 2018","author":"Preedanan"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science & Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.2.21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T13:30:45Z","timestamp":1771421445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.2.21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.15.2.21","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]}}}