{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T14:05:02Z","timestamp":1776089102904,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.15.4.8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T13:30:50Z","timestamp":1776087050000},"page":"8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Signals of Drug-Related Retinal Fibrosis: Findings From a 20-Year Disproportionality Analysis of Global Spontaneous Reports"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mingyan","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panqin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zuguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China"},{"name":"Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1005073","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy","volume":"366","author":"Antonetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7956","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.45192","article-title":"Targeting the Notch and TGF-\u00df signaling pathways to prevent retinal fibrosis in vitro and in vivo","volume":"10","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102208","article-title":"Biomarkers in the pathogenesis of epiretinal membrane and myopic traction maculopathy: effects of internal limiting membrane incompliance and posterior staphyloma","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.04.004","article-title":"Retinal fibrosis in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"142","author":"Roy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.104636","article-title":"Bibliometric and visual analysis of retinal fibrosis research from 1993 to 2023","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269787","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/269787","article-title":"Proliferative vitreoretinopathy after eye injuries: an overexpression of growth factors and cytokines leading to a retinal keloid","volume":"2013","author":"Morescalchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.07.001","article-title":"The role of M\u00fcller cells in fibrocontractive retinal disorders","volume":"24","author":"Guidry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31030","article-title":"Fibrosis and diseases of the eye","volume":"117","author":"Friedlander","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700811","article-title":"The inflammation-fibrosis link? A Jekyll and Hyde role for blood cells during wound repair","volume":"127","author":"Stramer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547492","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1547492","article-title":"Metformin inhibits pathological retinal neovascularization but promotes retinal fibrosis in experimental neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2024.100104","article-title":"Real-world large sample assessment of drug-related dry eye risk: based on the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84679-4","article-title":"Real world pharmacovigilance assessment of drug related macular degeneration risks","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pyaf033","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaf033","article-title":"Exploring the risk of adverse drug events in combination with antiparkinsonics and antipsychotics\u2014a two-decade real-world pharmacovigilance analysis based on the FAERS database","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.2174\/0113894501290296240327081624","article-title":"Drug Repurposing using FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database","volume":"25","author":"Morris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.615","article-title":"The role of databases in drug postmarketing surveillance","volume":"10","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.12.1363","article-title":"Adverse drug event surveillance and drug withdrawals in the United States, 1969\u20132002: the importance of reporting suspected reactions","volume":"165","author":"Wysowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.89","article-title":"The FDA drug safety surveillance program: adverse event reporting trends","volume":"171","author":"Weiss-Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"D1","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D1074","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1037","article-title":"DrugBank 5.0: a major update to the DrugBank database for 2018","volume":"46","author":"Wishart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199920020-00002","article-title":"The Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA)","volume":"20","author":"Brown","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13024","article-title":"Time-to-onset analysis of amiodarone-associated thyroid dysfunction","volume":"45","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1058","article-title":"The history of disproportionality measures (reporting odds ratio, proportional reporting rates) in spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions","volume":"14","author":"Moore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200730080-00008","article-title":"Criteria revision and performance comparison of three methods of signal detection applied to the spontaneous reporting database of a pharmaceutical manufacturer","volume":"30","author":"Matsushita","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1001","article-title":"The reporting odds ratio and its advantages over the proportional reporting ratio","volume":"13","author":"Rothman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1002","article-title":"The reporting odds ratio versus the proportional reporting ratio: \u2018deuce\u2019","volume":"13","author":"Waller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200730070-00011","article-title":"Bayesian confidence propagation neural network","volume":"30","author":"Bate","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.11.025","article-title":"Safety assessment of brexpiprazole: real-world adverse event analysis from the FAERS database","volume":"346","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S238740","article-title":"Rapid structural and functional improvements with the 0.19 mg fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant for patients with DME and low visual acuity: 6-month data from the UAE","volume":"14","author":"Elbarky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15020333","article-title":"Ocular complications of radiotherapy in uveal melanoma","volume":"15","author":"Zemba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30385-1","article-title":"Clinical use and characteristics of the corticosteroids","volume":"9","author":"Harkins","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20458","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77445-9","article-title":"Complex fibroblast response to glucocorticoids may underlie variability of clinical efficacy in the vocal folds","volume":"10","author":"Nakamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"17","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9618","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179618","article-title":"Pathogenic effects of mineralocorticoid pathway activation in retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"22","author":"Canonica","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031278","article-title":"Chronic systemic dexamethasone regulates the mineralocorticoid\/glucocorticoid pathways balance in rat ocular tissues","volume":"23","author":"Zola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021412601538","article-title":"Glucocorticoids modulate TGF-beta production","volume":"26","author":"Wen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.12442","article-title":"Triamcinolone acetonide modulates TGF-\u00df2-induced angiogenic and tissue-remodeling effects in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"24","author":"Hsiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547923","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2025.1547923","article-title":"Breaking the cycle: a comprehensive exploration of topical steroid addiction and withdrawal","volume":"6","author":"Maskey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Allergy"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1080\/1750743X.2025.2449760","article-title":"Pegcetacoplan for the treatment of geographic atrophy due to age-related macular degeneration: a plain language summary of OAKS and DERBY clinical studies","volume":"17","author":"Heier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S367089","article-title":"Emerging treatment options for geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration","volume":"17","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2025.08.005","article-title":"Retinal degenerative diseases: complement system\u2013microglia crosstalk","volume":"71","author":"Gao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02546-3","article-title":"Complement activation contributes to subretinal fibrosis through the induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"19","author":"Llori\u00e1n-Salvador","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.07.011","article-title":"Complement C3 inhibitor pegcetacoplan for geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration: a randomized phase 2 trial","volume":"127","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10411","key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01520-9","article-title":"Pegcetacoplan for the treatment of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration (OAKS and DERBY): two multicentre, randomised, double-masked, sham-controlled, phase 3 trials","volume":"402","author":"Heier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13973","article-title":"Durability of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents in neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"49","author":"Sivaprasad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031170","article-title":"Neovascular macular degeneration: a review of etiology, risk factors, and recent advances in research and therapy","volume":"22","author":"Pugazhendhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100906","article-title":"Incomplete response to anti-VEGF therapy in neovascular AMD: exploring disease mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"82","author":"Mettu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-315763","article-title":"Risk factors for subretinal fibrosis after anti-VEGF treatment of myopic choroidal neovascularisation","volume":"105","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2675","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002675","article-title":"The angio-fibrotic switch of VEGF and CTGF in proliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"3","author":"Kuiper","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-301005","article-title":"A shift in the balance of vascular endothelial growth factor and connective tissue growth factor by bevacizumab causes the angiofibrotic switch in proliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"96","author":"Van Geest","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"17","key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03308-6","article-title":"Fibrosis in age-related neovascular macular degeneration in the anti-VEGF era","volume":"38","author":"Armendariz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinsp.2022.100161","article-title":"Do anti-VEGFs used in the ophthalmic clinic cause M\u00fcller glial cell stress?","volume":"78","author":"da Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)"},{"issue":"17","key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5208","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13175208","article-title":"Inflammation and vasculitis related to brolucizumab","volume":"13","author":"Campos","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2017.11.010","article-title":"Inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"68-69","author":"Mack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matrix Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(99)00079-X","article-title":"Sildenafil (Viagra) and ophthalmology","volume":"44","author":"Marmor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9030291","article-title":"Visual side effects linked to sildenafil consumption: an update","volume":"9","author":"Aus\u00f3","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.6058","article-title":"Association of off-label drug use and adverse drug events in an adult population","volume":"176","author":"Eguale","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.08.001","article-title":"Myofibroblast transdifferentiation: the dark force in ocular wound healing and fibrosis","volume":"60","author":"Shu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science & Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.4.8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T13:30:51Z","timestamp":1776087051000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.4.8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.15.4.8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]}}}