{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T14:09:07Z","timestamp":1780063747362,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.15.5.29","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T13:30:52Z","timestamp":1780061452000},"page":"29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between PCSK9 Inhibitor Use and Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chien-Yun","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Hsiang","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA"},{"name":"Brown University Health, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Yao","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Health and Welfare, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi Jing","family":"Sheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Quantitative Imaging in Medicine, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Peng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Group, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsian-Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Quantitative Imaging in Medicine, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I-Jong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Chih","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-16271","article-title":"Diabetes, cardiovascular morbidity, and risk of age-related macular degeneration in a primary care population","volume":"56","author":"Vassilev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-023-00650-y","article-title":"Analysis of systemic and serum risk factors in patients with age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"12","author":"Tao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e08973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e08973","article-title":"A histological study of atherosclerotic characteristics in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2021-018222","article-title":"Ophthalmic artery angioplasty for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"14","author":"Lylyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.10.027","article-title":"The use of cholesterol-lowering medications and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"112","author":"McGwin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2022-321985","article-title":"Association of lipid-lowering drugs and antidiabetic drugs with age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis in Europeans","volume":"107","author":"Mauschitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70175","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70175","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of PCSK9 inhibitors and inclisiran in patients with neuromuscular disorders and statin intolerance","volume":"32","author":"Theodorou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054013","article-title":"Sequence variations in PCSK9, low LDL, and protection against coronary heart disease","volume":"354","author":"Cohen","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaf045","article-title":"Upfront lipid-lowering combination therapy in high cardiovascular risk patients: a route to effective atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention","volume":"121","author":"Banach","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02105-5","article-title":"2024 Recommendations on the optimal use of lipid-lowering therapy in established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and following acute coronary syndromes: a position paper of the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP)","volume":"84","author":"Banach","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"15","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5082","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12155082","article-title":"Targeting PCSK9 and beyond for the management of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol","volume":"12","author":"Mohamed","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2025.108812","article-title":"Therapeutic PCSK9 targeting: inside versus outside the hepatocyte?","volume":"268","author":"Corsini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-024-01243-1","article-title":"PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies have come a long way","volume":"26","author":"Zendjebil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000988","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9 inhibition: an updated review","volume":"36","author":"Pamporis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-025-01280-4","article-title":"Achieving more optimal lipid control with non-statin lipid lowering therapy","volume":"27","author":"Nicholls","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2025.07.002","article-title":"Pushing the limits of LDL cholesterol: emerging paradigms in cardiovascular risk reduction","volume":"35","author":"Yaghoubi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2023.3241","article-title":"Prevalence and overlap of cardiac, renal, and metabolic conditions in US adults, 1999-2020","volume":"8","author":"Ostrominski","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib19","first-page":"PB0062","article-title":"Geographic atrophy diagnosis in the IRIS Registry: a comparison between images and ICD-10 codes","volume":"64","author":"Chu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051251","article-title":"Novel and emerging LDL-C lowering strategies: a new era of dyslipidemia management","volume":"13","author":"Agnello","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib21","first-page":"982","article-title":"Improvement of retinal microvascular function after initiation of lipid-lowering therapy with PCSK9 inhibitors\u2014an observational study","volume":"19","author":"N\u00e4gele","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.26074","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration: a review","volume":"331","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.3.4","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration, a mathematically tractable disease","volume":"65","author":"Curcio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002","article-title":"The multifunctional choroid","volume":"29","author":"Nickla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.12.001","article-title":"Neural control of choroidal blood flow","volume":"64","author":"Reiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408760","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1408760","article-title":"PCSK9 inhibitors ameliorate arterial stiffness in ACS patients: evidences from Mendelian randomization, a retrospective study and basic experiments","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14269","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.14269","article-title":"Effect of adding PCSK9 inhibitors to lipid-lowering interventions on arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Cavero-Redondo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-025-01100-5","article-title":"Evolocumab attenuates myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury by blocking PCSK9\/LIAS-mediated cuproptosis of cardiomyocytes","volume":"120","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2021.4886","article-title":"PCSK9 mediates the oxidative low-density lipoprotein-induced pyroptosis of vascular endothelial cells via the UQCRC1\/ROS pathway","volume":"47","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2018.07.015","article-title":"Retinal microvascular dysfunction in hypercholesterolemia","volume":"12","author":"N\u00e4gele","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13121","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelium in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration and photobiomodulation as a potential therapy?","volume":"46","author":"Ao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030578","article-title":"Treatment with PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab improves vascular oxidative stress and arterial stiffness in hypercholesterolemic patients with high cardiovascular risk","volume":"12","author":"Silla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.01.023","article-title":"Inhibition of APE1\/Ref-1 redox activity rescues human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative stress and reduces choroidal neovascularization","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11079","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47242-0","article-title":"Anti-PCSK9 antibodies inhibit pro-atherogenic mechanisms in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice","volume":"9","author":"Schuster","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"15","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.49890","article-title":"The role of inflammation in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"16","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-02033-7","article-title":"Macrophage to myofibroblast transition contributes to subretinal fibrosis secondary to neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"17","author":"Little","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2025.117031","article-title":"PCSK9 inhibition mitigates vulnerable plaque formation induced by hyperhomocysteinemia through regulating lipid metabolism and inflammation","volume":"239","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.124.320140","article-title":"Direct impact of PCSK9 on SMC senescence and apoptosis: a new focus in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2914","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.83914","article-title":"PCSK9 attenuates efferocytosis in endothelial cells and promotes vascular aging","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2023.06.005","article-title":"PCSK9, a promising novel target for age-related cardiovascular dysfunction","volume":"8","author":"Matyas","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl Sci"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2025.112701","article-title":"PCSK9 affects vascular senescence through the SIRT1 pathway","volume":"201","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvae025","article-title":"Safety of the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab: insights from 47 296 patient-years of observation","volume":"10","author":"Goodman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2025.120229","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies in older patients: a real-world registry","volume":"408","author":"Mijnster","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.10.10","article-title":"Diabetes-related risk factors for exudative age-related macular degeneration: a nationwide cohort study of a diabetic population","volume":"64","author":"Hwang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2024.07.006","article-title":"Role of inflammation in diabetic macular edema and neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"69","author":"Vujosevic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18637","article-title":"Overweight, obesity, and risk of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science & Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.5.29","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T13:30:53Z","timestamp":1780061453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.5.29"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.15.5.29","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]}}}