{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T12:55:06Z","timestamp":1782219306642,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.15.6.29","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T12:31:29Z","timestamp":1782217889000},"page":"29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Graph Neural Network-Based Multispectral-View Learning Model for Diabetic Macular Ischemia Detection From Color Fundus Photographs"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qinghua","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of CNS\/ATM & MIIT Key Laboratory of Complex-field Intelligent Sensing, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Lam Kin Chung, Jet King-Shing Ho Glaucoma Treatment and Research Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danqi","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Truong X.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anran","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"Lam Kin Chung, Jet King-Shing Ho Glaucoma Treatment and Research Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement C.","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"Lam Kin Chung, Jet King-Shing Ho Glaucoma Treatment and Research Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon K. H.","family":"Szeto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sobha","family":"Sivaprasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Medical Retina, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol Y.","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"},{"name":"Lam Kin Chung, Jet King-Shing Ho Glaucoma Treatment and Research Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.75.9.514","article-title":"Retinal microcirculation in patients with diabetes mellitus: dynamic and morphological analysis of perifoveal capillary network","volume":"75","author":"Arend","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12677","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of diabetic macular ischemia using optical coherence tomography","volume":"55","author":"Sim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11103","article-title":"The effects of macular ischemia on visual acuity in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"54","author":"Sim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1159\/000515406","article-title":"Looking ahead: visual and anatomical endpoints in future trials of diabetic macular ischemia","volume":"244","author":"Cheung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.101033","article-title":"Diabetic macular ischaemia-a new therapeutic target?","volume":"89","author":"Cheung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.0135","article-title":"Why is continued vision loss still a problem in some patients with diabetic retinopathy, despite treatment?","volume":"140","author":"Bressler","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2009.108","article-title":"Microvascular lesions of diabetic retinopathy: clues towards understanding pathogenesis?","volume":"23","author":"Curtis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3107","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.10.3107","article-title":"Pericytes and the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"51","author":"Hammes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(94)90040-X","article-title":"Free radicals in diabetic endothelial cell dysfunction","volume":"16","author":"Tesfamariam","year":"1994","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.13.10.1275","article-title":"The role of growth factors in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"13","author":"Grant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Expert Opin Invest Drugs"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199412013312203","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders","volume":"331","author":"Aiello","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181f57e4d","article-title":"Oxygen therapy for diabetic macular ischemia: a pilot study","volume":"31","author":"Sharifipour","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib14","first-page":"108","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy studied by fluorescein angiography","volume":"63","author":"Norton","year":"1965","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(13)38012-9","article-title":"Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs\u2014an extension of the modified Airlie House classification: ETDRS report number 10","volume":"98","author":"Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research, G","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(13)38013-0","article-title":"Classification of diabetic retinopathy from fluorescein angiograms: ETDRS report number 11","volume":"98","author":"Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research, G","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib17","first-page":"1154","article-title":"Capillary-free area of the fovea with advancing age","volume":"16","author":"Laatikainen","year":"1977","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1006\/cbmr.1996.0021","article-title":"An image-processing strategy for the segmentation and quantification of microaneurysms in fluorescein angiograms of the ocular fundus","volume":"29","author":"Spencer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comput Biomed Res"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"044503","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.4.4.044503","article-title":"Neovascularization detection in diabetic retinopathy from fluorescein angiograms","volume":"4","author":"B\u00e9ouche-H\u00e9lias","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Imaging"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01101-z","article-title":"FFA-GPT: an automated pipeline for fundus fluorescein angiography interpretation and question-answer","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(86)33697-2","article-title":"Fluorescein angiography complication survey","volume":"93","author":"Yannuzzi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01018-7","article-title":"Translating color fundus photography to indocyanine green angiography using deep-learning for age-related macular degeneration screening","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.11.003","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"64","author":"Spaide","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-022-00740-9","article-title":"Towards standardizing retinal optical coherence tomography angiography: a review","volume":"11","author":"Sampson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Light Sci Appl"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2395","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500185112","article-title":"Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of vascular abnormalities in the living human eye","volume":"112","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002045","article-title":"Comparing fundus fluorescein angiography and swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography in the evaluation of diabetic macular perfusion","volume":"39","author":"La Mantia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0249918","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249918","article-title":"A swept source optical coherence tomography angiography study: imaging artifacts and comparison of non-perfusion areas with fluorescein angiography in diabetic macular edema","volume":"16","author":"Podkowinski","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13159","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography versus fluorescein angiography in the diagnosis of ischaemic diabetic maculopathy","volume":"95","author":"Cennamo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2023.101206","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"97","author":"Waheed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2015.0068","article-title":"Fundus photography in the 21st century\u2014a review of recent technological advances and their implications for worldwide healthcare","volume":"22","author":"Panwar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Telemed E Health"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-018-0040-6","article-title":"Pivotal trial of an autonomous AI-based diagnostic system for detection of diabetic retinopathy in primary care offices","volume":"1","author":"Abr\u00e0moff","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.02.004","article-title":"Single-field fundus photography for diabetic retinopathy screening: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology","volume":"111","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib33","first-page":"1944","article-title":"Cataract screening using telemedicine and digital fundus photography","volume":"46","author":"Parikh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2012.0233","article-title":"Telemedicine screening for cytomegalovirus retinitis using digital fundus photography","volume":"19","author":"Shah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Telemed E Health"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-022-00621-9","article-title":"Efficacy of a deep learning system for screening myopic maculopathy based on color fundus photographs","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"bib36","first-page":"30","article-title":"Anemic retinopathy: case reports and disease features","volume":"4","author":"Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina Today"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-019-0487-z","article-title":"Detection of anaemia from retinal fundus images via deep learning","volume":"4","author":"Mitani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-022-00739-x","article-title":"Multispectral confocal 3D imaging of intact healthy and tumor tissue using mLSR-3D","volume":"17","author":"van Ineveld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-023-01098-y","article-title":"Synchronized wearables for the detection of haemodynamic states via electrocardiography and multispectral photoplethysmography","volume":"7","author":"Franklin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-019-0494-0","article-title":"First-in-human liver-tumour surgery guided by multispectral fluorescence imaging in the visible and near-infrared-I\/II windows","volume":"4","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2006.05.007","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of multi-spectral fundus images","volume":"10","author":"Styles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.378470","article-title":"Hyperspectral imaging enabled by an unmodified smartphone for analyzing skin morphological features and monitoring hemodynamics","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4929","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.497602","article-title":"SpeCamX: mobile app that turns unmodified smartphones into multispectral imagers","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.423160","article-title":"Spatiotemporal monitoring of changes in oxy\/deoxy-hemoglobin concentration and blood pulsation on human skin using smartphone-enabled remote multispectral photoplethysmography","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5625","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.10.005625","article-title":"Analysis of skin morphological features and real-time monitoring using snapshot hyperspectral imaging","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-320779","article-title":"Clinically relevant factors associated with a binary outcome of diabetic macular ischaemia: an OCTA study","volume":"107","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.1821","article-title":"Assessment of parafoveal diabetic macular ischemia on optical coherence tomography angiography images to predict diabetic retinal disease progression and visual acuity deterioration","volume":"141","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(02)00060-5","article-title":"Fundus reflectance\u2014historical and present ideas","volume":"22","author":"Berendschot","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2021.03.090","article-title":"Deep multi-view learning methods: a review","volume":"448","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2022.05.093","article-title":"Multi-view learning for hyperspectral image classification: An overview","volume":"500","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-024-10990-1","article-title":"Graph neural networks for multi-view learning: a taxonomic review","volume":"57","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03058-5","article-title":"Changes in foveal avascular zone parameters in individuals with prediabetes compared to normoglycemic controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Kazantzis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100781","article-title":"HORNBILL: a first-in-human Phase I\/IIa study of the safety, tolerability and early pharmacodynamics of BI 764524 for diabetic macular ischemia","volume":"5","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmology Science"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.18502\/jovr.v20.15354","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography changes in diabetic macular ischemia after systemic normobaric oxygen therapy","volume":"20","author":"Idani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s44260-024-00015-x","article-title":"Correlating measures of hierarchical structures in artificial neural networks with their performance","volume":"1","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Complexity"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0172-3","article-title":"Deep learning algorithm predicts diabetic retinopathy progression in individual patients","volume":"2","author":"Arcadu","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.18152","article-title":"Development and validation of a deep learning system for diabetic retinopathy and related eye diseases using retinal images from multiethnic populations with diabetes","volume":"318","author":"Ting","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.3512","article-title":"Finding glaucoma in color fundus photographs using deep learning","volume":"137","author":"Bojikian","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.3501","article-title":"Development and validation of a deep learning system to detect glaucomatous optic neuropathy using fundus photographs","volume":"137","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2019.02.003","article-title":"Automated detection of age-related macular degeneration in color fundus photography: a systematic review","volume":"64","author":"Pead","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-00317-z","article-title":"Predicting risk of late age-related macular degeneration using deep learning","volume":"3","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1917130","article-title":"Artificial intelligence to detect papilledema from ocular fundus photographs","volume":"382","author":"Milea","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e369","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012226","article-title":"Accuracy of a deep learning system for classification of papilledema severity on ocular fundus photographs","volume":"97","author":"Vasseneix","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.10.025","article-title":"Application of a deep learning system to detect papilledema on nonmydriatic ocular fundus photographs in an emergency department","volume":"261","author":"Biousse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4828","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25138-w","article-title":"Automatic detection of 39 fundus diseases and conditions in retinal photographs using deep neural networks","volume":"12","author":"Cen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.17216","article-title":"Development and validation of a deep learning algorithm for detection of diabetic retinopathy in retinal fundus photographs","volume":"316","author":"Gulshan","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01207-4","article-title":"Harnessing the power of longitudinal medical imaging for eye disease prognosis using Transformer-based sequence modeling","volume":"7","author":"Holste","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00943-3","article-title":"DeepQuality improves infant retinopathy screening","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-021-00314-5","article-title":"Physics-informed machine learning","volume":"3","author":"Karniadakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Phys"},{"key":"bib70","first-page":"102479","article-title":"Integrating human knowledge into artificial intelligence for complex and ill-structured problems: Informed artificial intelligence","volume":"64","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Inform Manag"},{"key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-023-00412-7","article-title":"Accelerating the design of compositionally complex materials via physics-informed artificial intelligence","volume":"3","author":"Raabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Comput Sci"},{"key":"bib10","first-page":"363","article-title":"Is diabetic retinopathy an inflammatory disease?","volume-title":"Br J Ophthalmol","author":"Adamis","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science & Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.6.29","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T12:31:31Z","timestamp":1782217891000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.6.29"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.15.6.29","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]}}}