{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T15:00:41Z","timestamp":1784905241939,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.15.7.26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T14:00:58Z","timestamp":1784901658000},"page":"26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Polycaprolactone-Based Drug Carrier Loaded With Methotrexate to Attenuate Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Hillenmayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany"},{"name":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9433-3292"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Bilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Hilterhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melih","family":"Parlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian Maximilian","family":"Wertheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-023-06264-1","article-title":"Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: an update on the current and emerging treatment options","volume":"262","author":"Ferro Desideri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2024.03.007","article-title":"Clinical therapeutics for proliferative vitreoretinopathy in retinal detachment","volume":"69","author":"Sabatino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2024.09.01","article-title":"PVR update: pathophysiology and clinical management","volume":"17","author":"Wiedemann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2022.0078","article-title":"Pharmacological therapy of proliferative vitreoretinopathy: systematic in vitro comparison of 36 pharmacological agents","volume":"39","author":"Tersi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3648134","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3648134","article-title":"Anatomical and functional outcomes of vitrectomy with\/without intravitreal methotrexate infusion for management of proliferative vitreoretinopathy secondary to rhegmatogenous retinal detachment","volume":"2021","author":"El Baha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114088","article-title":"Inhibition of proliferative vitreoretinopathy by a newly developed methotrexate loaded drug carrier in vitro","volume":"158","author":"Arrow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2010.04.002","article-title":"The return of a forgotten polymer\u2014polycaprolactone in the 21st century","volume":"35","author":"Woodruff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Polym Sci"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.08.055","article-title":"Injectable methotrexate loaded polycaprolactone microspheres: Physicochemical characterization, biocompatibility, and hemocompatibility evaluation","volume":"81","author":"Dhanka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4847","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14224847","article-title":"Poly(caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-based polymeric micelles as drug carriers for efficient breast cancer therapy: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Ahmad Shariff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721241239717","article-title":"Conditions for modifying intraocular lenses as drug carriers for methotrexate using poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)","volume":"34","author":"Bill","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.10.1518","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of intravitreal chemotherapy for primary ocular lymphoma","volume":"119","author":"Velez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2020.122227","article-title":"The effect of temperature and pressure on polycaprolactone morphology","volume":"191","author":"Baptista","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118693","article-title":"An intraocular lens coated with polycaprolactone and methotrexate as a slow-release system for prophylaxis of posterior capsule opacification in vitro","volume":"192","author":"Hilterhaus","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0265805","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265805","article-title":"Galectin-1 and -3 in high amounts inhibit angiogenic properties of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells in vitro","volume":"17","author":"Hillenmayer","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8820844","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8820844","article-title":"Epiretinal amniotic membrane influences the cellular behavior of profibrotic dedifferentiated cells of proliferative vitreoretinopathy in vitro","volume":"2023","author":"Hillenmayer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng Regen Med"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108945","article-title":"Blocking of VEGF-A is not sufficient to completely revert its long-term effects on the barrier formed by retinal endothelial cells","volume":"216","author":"Deissler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M700169-MCP200","article-title":"Proteomics characterization of mouse kidney peroxisomes by tandem mass spectrometry and protein correlation profiling","volume":"6","author":"Wiese","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.119.400197","article-title":"An interaction network of the human SEPT9 established by quantitative mass spectrometry","volume":"9","author":"Hecht","year":"2019","journal-title":"G3 (Bethesda)"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21987","article-title":"A review of implantable intravitreal drug delivery technologies for the treatment of posterior segment eye diseases","volume":"99","author":"Choonara","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03503-5","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of methotrexate in the treatment of proliferative vitreoretinopathy: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Toh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/IIO.0000000000000258","article-title":"Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: a review","volume":"59","author":"Idrees","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.08.032","article-title":"Towards a better understanding of the different release phases from PLGA microparticles: dexamethasone-loaded systems","volume":"514","author":"Gasmi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2010.513089","article-title":"Investigation of kinetics of methotrexate for therapeutic treatment of intraocular lymphoma","volume":"35","author":"Palakurthi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.81026","article-title":"Intravitreal injection of methotrexate in an experimental rabbit model: determination of pharmacokinetics","volume":"59","author":"Ozkan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.2174\/1568009623666230210140212","article-title":"Polycaprolactone-based nanocarriers containing 5-fluorouracil as a therapeutic guided drug delivery approach for enhancing anticancer activity","volume":"23","author":"Mohammadian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110393","article-title":"Fabrication of flexible composite drug films via foldable linkages using electrohydrodynamic printing","volume":"108","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3682","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.8b00784","article-title":"Effect of molecular weight and functionality on acrylated poly(caprolactone) for stereolithography and biomedical applications","volume":"19","author":"Green","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031025","article-title":"Fibrotic changes in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment","volume":"26","author":"Harju","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2012.0152","article-title":"Ocular biocompatibility and structural integrity of micro- and nanostructured poly(caprolactone) films","volume":"29","author":"Bernards","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.04.057","article-title":"Two-photon polymerized poly(caprolactone) retinal cell delivery scaffolds and their systemic and retinal biocompatibility","volume":"94","author":"Thompson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454295","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/454295","article-title":"Subretinal implantation of electrospun, short nanowire, and smooth poly(e-caprolactone) scaffolds to the subretinal space of porcine eyes","volume":"2012","author":"Christiansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2021.102402","article-title":"Use of polycaprolactone in corneal tissue engineering: a review","volume":"27","author":"Mahmoud Salehi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater Today Commun"},{"key":"bib33","first-page":"387","article-title":"Intravitreal methotrexate as an adjuvant in vitrectomy in cases of retinal detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"263","author":"Rajan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2024.10.006","article-title":"A modified intravitreal methotrexate protocol for the prevention of proliferative vitreoretinopathy after silicone oil removal","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1070","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14735","article-title":"Comparative cytotoxic and antiproliferative profile of methotrexate and fluorouracil on different ocular cells","volume":"99","author":"Schulz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22942","article-title":"M\u00fcller glia as an important source of cytokines and inflammatory factors present in the gliotic retina during proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"64","author":"Eastlake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-023-00435-z","article-title":"Regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in retinal pigment epithelium and its associated cellular signaling cascades: an updated review","volume":"12","author":"Gelat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109085","article-title":"E-cadherin to N-cadherin switching in the TGF-\u00df1 mediated retinal pigment epithelial to mesenchymal transition","volume":"220","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2025.04.017","article-title":"Assessment of proliferative vitreoretinopathy in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with OCT: revisiting the 1991 Retina Society classification","volume":"9","author":"Martins Melo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22712","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-50222-0","article-title":"Cell cycle-dependent activation of proneural transcription factor expression and reactive gliosis in rat M\u00fcller glia","volume":"13","author":"Nishino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202012675","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.202012675","article-title":"Function of mammalian M-cones depends on the level of CRALBP in M\u00fcller cells","volume":"153","author":"Kolesnikov","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.07.001","article-title":"Cellular signaling and factors involved in M\u00fcller cell gliosis: neuroprotective and detrimental effects","volume":"28","author":"Bringmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101357","article-title":"M\u00fcller cells trophism and pathology as the next therapeutic targets for retinal diseases","volume":"106","author":"Arrigo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108505","article-title":"Non-invasive evaluation of toxicity in vitreoretinal domain following insertion of sustained release methotrexate micro-implant","volume":"205","author":"Manna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.9.46","article-title":"Endogenous or exogenous retinal pigment epithelial cells: a comparison of two experimental animal models of proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"9","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1159\/000488492","article-title":"Animal models of proliferative vitreoretinopathy and their use in pharmaceutical investigations","volume":"60","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"}],"container-title":["Translational Vision Science & Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.7.26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T14:00:59Z","timestamp":1784901659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/tvst.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/tvst.15.7.26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.15.7.26","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-2591","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]}}}